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Biotechnology Advances Dec 2021Protein acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved posttranslational modification. It affects enzyme activity, metabolic flux distribution, and other critical... (Review)
Review
Protein acetylation is an evolutionarily conserved posttranslational modification. It affects enzyme activity, metabolic flux distribution, and other critical physiological and biochemical processes by altering protein size and charge. Protein acetylation may thus be a promising tool for metabolic regulation to improve target production and conversion efficiency in fermentation. Here we review the role of protein acetylation in bacterial physiology and metabolism and describe applications of protein acetylation in fermentation engineering and strategies for regulating acetylation status. Although protein acetylation has become a hot topic, the regulatory mechanisms have not been fully characterized. We propose future research directions in protein acetylation.
Topics: Acetylation; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Lysine; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
PubMed: 34624455
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107842 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2021Bacteria are able to inhabit and survive vastly diverse environments. This enormous adaptive capacity depend on their ability to perceive cues from the micro-environment...
Bacteria are able to inhabit and survive vastly diverse environments. This enormous adaptive capacity depend on their ability to perceive cues from the micro-environment and process this information accordingly to mount appropriate metabolic responses and ultimately sustain homeostasis. From systems perspective, microbial cells conceal significant degree of organismal complexity, which may only be managed by continuous bulk cellular information flow and processing, inside the cell, between other cells and the environment. In this respect, reversible covalent modification of proteins is one of the universal mode of information flow mechanism used to regulate metabolism in all organisms. More than 30 types of post translational modifications have been identified, where phosphorylation constitutes nearly half of them. Bacterial cells possess several modes of phosphoprotein mediated information flow mechanisms. Histidine kinases and two component systems, bacterial tyrosine kinases, Hanks type serine/threonine kinases, atypical serine kinases and arginine kinases have been identified in many species.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Phosphorylation; Protein Kinases; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 33539021
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_12 -
Biomolecules Jun 2020Recently, a new class of prokaryotic compartments, collectively called encapsulins or protein nanocompartments, has been discovered. The shell proteins of these... (Review)
Review
Recently, a new class of prokaryotic compartments, collectively called encapsulins or protein nanocompartments, has been discovered. The shell proteins of these structures self-organize to form icosahedral compartments with a diameter of 25-42 nm, while one or more cargo proteins with various functions can be encapsulated in the nanocompartment. Non-native cargo proteins can be loaded into nanocompartments and the surface of the shells can be further functionalized, which allows for developing targeted drug delivery systems or using encapsulins as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. Since the genes encoding encapsulins can be integrated into the cell genome, encapsulins are attractive for investigation in various scientific fields, including biomedicine and nanotechnology.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Models, Molecular; Nanocomposites; Protein Conformation
PubMed: 32604934
DOI: 10.3390/biom10060966 -
Critical Reviews in Microbiology Feb 2019Protein glycosylation systems in many bacteria are often associated with crucial biological processes like pathogenicity, immune evasion and host-pathogen interactions,... (Review)
Review
Protein glycosylation systems in many bacteria are often associated with crucial biological processes like pathogenicity, immune evasion and host-pathogen interactions, implying the significance of protein-glycan linkage. Similarly, host protein glycosylation has been implicated in antimicrobial activity as well as in promoting growth of beneficial strains. In fact, few pathogens notably modulate host glycosylation machineries to facilitate their survival. To date, diverse chemical and biological strategies have been developed for conjugate vaccine production for disease control. Bioconjugate vaccines, largely being produced by glycoengineering using PglB (the N-oligosaccharyltransferase from Campylobacter jejuni) in suitable bacterial hosts, have been highly promising with respect to their effectiveness in providing protective immunity and ease of production. Recently, a novel method of glycoconjugate vaccine production involving an O-oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL from Neisseria meningitidis, has been optimized. Nevertheless, many questions on defining antigenic determinants, glycosylation markers, species-specific differences in glycosylation machineries, etc. still remain unanswered, necessitating further exploration of the glycosylation systems of important pathogens. Hence, in this review, we will discuss the impact of bacterial protein glycosylation on its pathogenesis and the interaction of pathogens with host protein glycosylation, followed by a discussion on strategies used for bioconjugate vaccine development.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Vaccines; Glycosylation; Host-Pathogen Interactions
PubMed: 30632429
DOI: 10.1080/1040841X.2018.1547681 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) May 2022Protein trafficking across the bacterial envelope is a process that contributes to the organisation and integrity of the cell. It is the foundation for establishing...
Protein trafficking across the bacterial envelope is a process that contributes to the organisation and integrity of the cell. It is the foundation for establishing contact and exchange between the environment and the cytosol. It helps cells to communicate with one another, whether they establish symbiotic or competitive behaviours. It is instrumental for pathogenesis and for bacteria to subvert the host immune response. Understanding the formation of envelope conduits and the manifold strategies employed for moving macromolecules across these channels is a fascinating playground. The diversity of the nanomachines involved in this process logically resulted in an attempt to classify them, which is where the protein secretion system types emerged. As our knowledge grew, so did the number of types, and their rightful nomenclature started to be questioned. While this may seem a semantic or philosophical issue, it also reflects scientific rigour when it comes to assimilating findings into textbooks and science history. Here I give an overview on bacterial protein secretion systems, their history, their nomenclature and why it can be misleading for newcomers in the field. Note that I do not try to suggest a new nomenclature. Instead, I explore the reasons why naming could have escaped our control and I try to reiterate basic concepts that underlie protein trafficking cross membranes.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Secretion Systems; Protein Translocation Systems; Protein Transport
PubMed: 35536734
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001193 -
Pathogens and Disease Feb 2016Many bacteria causing persistent infections produce toxins whose mechanisms of action indicate that they could have a role in carcinogenesis. Some toxins, like CDT and... (Review)
Review
Many bacteria causing persistent infections produce toxins whose mechanisms of action indicate that they could have a role in carcinogenesis. Some toxins, like CDT and colibactin, directly attack the genome by damaging DNA whereas others, as for example CNF1, CagA and BFT, impinge on key eukaryotic processes, such as cellular signalling and cell death. These bacterial toxins, together with other less known toxins, mimic carcinogens and tumour promoters. The aim of this review is to fulfil an up-to-date analysis of toxins with carcinogenic potential that have been already correlated to human cancers. Bacterial toxins-induced carcinogenesis represents an emerging aspect in bacteriology, and its significance is increasingly recognized.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Carcinogenesis; Carcinogens; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 26534910
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv105 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) May 2019The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a protein nanomachine that is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and is used to translocate effector proteins directly into... (Review)
Review
The Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a protein nanomachine that is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and is used to translocate effector proteins directly into neighbouring cells. It represents a versatile bacterial weapon that can deliver effectors into distinct classes of target cells, playing key roles in inter-bacterial competition and bacterial interactions with eukaryotic cells. This versatility is underpinned by the ability of the T6SS to deliver a vast array of effector proteins, with many distinct activities and modes of interaction with the secretion machinery. Recent work has highlighted the importance and diversity of interactions mediated by T6SSs within polymicrobial communities, and offers new molecular insights into effector delivery and action in target cells.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Type VI Secretion Systems
PubMed: 30893029
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000789 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Sep 2015Distinct cellular functions are executed by separate groups of proteins, organized into complexes or functional modules, which are ultimately interconnected in cell-wide... (Review)
Review
Distinct cellular functions are executed by separate groups of proteins, organized into complexes or functional modules, which are ultimately interconnected in cell-wide protein networks. Understanding the structures and operational modes of these networks is one of the next great challenges in biology, and microorganisms are at the forefront of research in this field. In this Review, we present our current understanding of bacterial protein networks, their general properties and the tools that are used for systematically mapping and characterizing them. We then discuss two well-studied examples, the chemotaxis network and the cell cycle network in Escherichia coli, to illustrate how network architecture promotes function.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Protein Interaction Maps
PubMed: 26256789
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3508 -
Current Genetics May 2016Nε-acetylation is emerging as an abundant post-translational modification of bacterial proteins. Two mechanisms have been identified: one is enzymatic, dependent on an... (Review)
Review
Nε-acetylation is emerging as an abundant post-translational modification of bacterial proteins. Two mechanisms have been identified: one is enzymatic, dependent on an acetyltransferase and acetyl-coenzyme A; the other is non-enzymatic and depends on the reactivity of acetyl phosphate. Some, but not most, of those acetylations are reversed by deacetylases. This review will briefly describe the current status of the field and raise questions that need answering.
Topics: Acetylation; Acetyltransferases; Bacterial Proteins; Humans; Organophosphates; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
PubMed: 26660885
DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0552-4 -
Pathogens and Disease Dec 2015Rho proteins are targets of numerous bacterial protein toxins, which manipulate the GTP-binding proteins by covalent modifications, including ADP ribosylation,... (Review)
Review
Rho proteins are targets of numerous bacterial protein toxins, which manipulate the GTP-binding proteins by covalent modifications, including ADP ribosylation, glycosylation, adenylylation, proteolytic cleavage and deamidation. Bacterial toxins are important virulence factors but are also potent and efficient pharmacological tools to study the physiological functions of their eukaryotic targets. Recent studies indicate that amazing variations exist in the molecular mechanisms by which toxins attack Rho proteins, which are discussed here.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Humans; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Virulence Factors; rho GTP-Binding Proteins
PubMed: 26454272
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv091