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International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2019Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated host response to infection. Despite serious mortality and morbidity, no... (Review)
Review
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated host response to infection. Despite serious mortality and morbidity, no sepsis-specific drugs exist. Endotoxemia is often used to model the hyperinflammation associated with early sepsis. This model classically uses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative pathogens to activate the immune system, leading to hyperinflammation, microcirculatory disturbances and death. Other toxins may also be used to activate the immune system including Gram-positive peptidoglycan (PG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). In addition to these standard toxins, other bacterial components can induce inflammation. These molecules activate different signaling pathways and produce different physiological responses which can be taken advantage of for sepsis modeling. Endotoxemia modeling can provide information on pathways to inflammation in sepsis and contribute to preclinical drug development.
Topics: Animals; Endotoxemia; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Sepsis; Signal Transduction; Toxins, Biological
PubMed: 31491842
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184341 -
Annual Review of Medicine 1965
Review
Topics: Endotoxemia; Endotoxins; Humans; Sepsis; Shock, Septic
PubMed: 14276564
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.me.16.020165.001221 -
Southern Medical Journal Jul 1976Ten bites by Loxosceles reclusa, the North American brown recluse spider, are reported from South Carolina. Envenomation by the brown recluse spider is becoming a public...
Ten bites by Loxosceles reclusa, the North American brown recluse spider, are reported from South Carolina. Envenomation by the brown recluse spider is becoming a public health problem in the United States. The spider reportedly now is found from coast to coast in the southern half of the country and its range is probably increasing. The spider bite varies in intensity, causing reactions ranging from an area of severe necrosis to a mild cutaneous reaction. Treatment is unsatisfactory, and no antivenom is currently available. Even though a specific test is available for loxoscelism, diagnosis remains difficult.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blister; Fever; Hemoglobinuria; Methylprednisolone; Necrosis; Skin Transplantation; Skin Ulcer; South Carolina; Spider Bites; Spiders; Toxemia; Transplantation, Autologous; Venoms
PubMed: 781850
DOI: 10.1097/00007611-197607000-00024 -
Wisconsin Medical Journal Dec 1961
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Female; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Sepsis; Toxemia
PubMed: 13908193
DOI: No ID Found -
Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Apr 2018Endotoxemia can be caused by obesity, environmental chemical exposure, abiotic stressors and bacterial infection. Circumstances that deleteriously impact intestinal... (Review)
Review
Endotoxemia can be caused by obesity, environmental chemical exposure, abiotic stressors and bacterial infection. Circumstances that deleteriously impact intestinal barrier integrity can induce endotoxemia, and controlled experiments have identified negative impacts of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; an endotoxin mimetic) on folliculogenesis, puberty onset, estrus behavior, ovulation, meiotic competence, luteal function and ovarian steroidogenesis. In addition, neonatal LPS exposures have transgenerational female reproductive impacts, raising concern about early life contacts to this endogenous reproductive toxicant. Aims of this review are to identify physiological stressors causing endotoxemia, to highlight potential mechanism(s) by which LPS compromises female reproduction and identify knowledge gaps regarding how acute and/or metabolic endotoxemia influence(s) female reproduction.
Topics: Animals; Endotoxemia; Endotoxins; Female; Humans; Reproduction
PubMed: 29363567
DOI: 10.1530/REP-17-0406 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Dec 2003In summary, peritonitis in the horse is a potentially life-threatening disease that must be treated promptly and aggressively. Therapy should be aimed at reducing... (Review)
Review
In summary, peritonitis in the horse is a potentially life-threatening disease that must be treated promptly and aggressively. Therapy should be aimed at reducing systemic shock and hypovolemia, correction of the primary cause, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy, and abdominal drainage and lavage. The prognosis depends on the ability to diagnose and treat the underlying cause and prevent the development of complications. Mortality rates can be as high as 59.7%, with horses developing postoperative peritonitis having a 56% mortality rate. Long-term complications like adhesion formation or internal abscesses may further reduce the survival rate. The prognosis is best determined by an early and quick response to aggressive treatment.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Drainage; Endotoxemia; Fluid Therapy; Horse Diseases; Horses; Peritonitis; Prognosis; Therapeutic Irrigation
PubMed: 14740768
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2003.08.007 -
Journal of Dairy Science Aug 2016The dairy industry continues to suffer severe economic losses due to the increased disease incidence cows experience during the transition period. It has long been the... (Review)
Review
The dairy industry continues to suffer severe economic losses due to the increased disease incidence cows experience during the transition period. It has long been the classical view that the major contributing factor to the development of these periparturient diseases is the considerable increase in nutritional demands for milk production. This classical view, however, fails to account for the substantial correlation between both metabolic and infectious diseases and the detrimental effects that can occur with the provision of high-energy diets to support these nutritional demands. Currently, increasing evidence implicates bacterial endotoxins in the etiopathology of most periparturient diseases. Bacterial endotoxins are components of the outer cell wall of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria that are highly immunostimulatory and can trigger proinflammatory immune responses. The ability of endotoxins to translocate from the mucosal tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, mammary gland, and uterus, into the systemic circulation has been observed. Once they have entered the circulation, endotoxins potentially contribute to disease either directly, through eliciting an inflammatory response, or indirectly through other factors such as the overreaction of the natural protective mechanisms of the host. Although the evidence implicating a role of endotoxins in the pathogenesis of transition diseases continues to grow, our current knowledge of the host response to mucosal endotoxin exposure and pathogenic mechanisms remain largely unknown. Developing our understanding of the connection between endotoxemia and dairy cattle disease holds significant potential for the future development of preventative measures that could benefit the productivity of the dairy industry as well as animal welfare.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Endotoxemia; Endotoxins; Female; Lactation; Peripartum Period; Pregnancy
PubMed: 27209132
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10727 -
The Antiseptic Apr 1946
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Female; Humans; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Sepsis; Toxemia
PubMed: 20982186
DOI: No ID Found -
Circulation Oct 2002
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bacterial Toxins; Cardiotonic Agents; Cell Movement; Endothelium, Vascular; Hemolysin Proteins; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Inflammation; Leukocytes; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Rats; Simvastatin; Toxemia
PubMed: 12379569
DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000033635.42612.88 -
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and... Jan 2017Endotoxins, constituents of the cell wall of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, regularly result in severe illness and death in horses. In endotoxaemia, these... (Review)
Review
Endotoxins, constituents of the cell wall of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, regularly result in severe illness and death in horses. In endotoxaemia, these constituents are present in the systemic circulation; in septicaemia, whole microbes invade normally sterile parts of the body. Interaction of these endotoxins with pathogen recognition receptors leads to an inflammatory response that cannot always be sufficiently contained and hence needs direct treatment. Over the last decennia, our understanding of the pathophysiology of endotoxaemia and septicaemia has significantly increased. Based on improved understanding of the interaction between receptors and endotoxins as well as the subsequent downstream signalling pathways, new therapeutic targets have been identified in laboratory animal species and humans. Important species differences in the recognition of endotoxins and pathogens by their receptors as well as the inflammatory response to receptor activation hamper extrapolation of this information to the horse (and other species). Historically, horses with endotoxaemia and septicaemia have been treated mainly symptomatically and supportively. Based on the identified therapeutic targets, this review describes the current knowledge of the treatment for endotoxaemia and septicaemia in the horse with reference to the findings in other animal species and humans.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Endotoxemia; Glucocorticoids; Horse Diseases; Horses; Polymyxin B; Sepsis
PubMed: 27452161
DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12329