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Frontiers in Microbiology 2024The oral cavity stands as one of the pivotal interfaces facilitating the intricate interaction between the human body and the external environment. The impact of diverse... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity stands as one of the pivotal interfaces facilitating the intricate interaction between the human body and the external environment. The impact of diverse oral microorganisms on the emergence and progression of various systemic cancers, typified by oral cancer, has garnered increasing attention. The potential pathogenicity of oral bacteria, notably the anaerobic and , has been extensively studied and exhibits obvious correlation with different carcinoma types. Furthermore, oral fungi and viruses are closely linked to oropharyngeal carcinoma. Multiple potential mechanisms of oral microbiota-induced carcinogenesis have been investigated, including heightened inflammatory responses, suppression of the host immune system, influence on the tumor microenvironment, anti-apoptotic activity, and promotion of malignant transformation. The disturbance of microbial equilibrium and the migration of oral microbiota play a pivotal role in facilitating oncogenic functions. This review aims to comprehensively outline the pathogenic mechanisms by which oral microbiota participate in carcinogenesis. Additionally, this review delves into their potential applications in cancer prevention, screening, and treatment. It proves to be a valuable resource for researchers investigating the intricate connection between oral microbiota and systemic cancers.
PubMed: 38756728
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1369834 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Apr 2024This study aimed to develop and assess a chitosan biomedical antibacterial gel ZincOxideGrapheneOxide/Chitosan/β-Glycerophosphate (ZnO-GO/CS/β-GP) loaded with...
This study aimed to develop and assess a chitosan biomedical antibacterial gel ZincOxideGrapheneOxide/Chitosan/β-Glycerophosphate (ZnO-GO/CS/β-GP) loaded with nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphene oxide (GO), known for its potent antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and sustained drug release. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were modified and integrated with GO sheets to create 1% and 3% ZnO-GO/CS/β-GP thermo-sensitive hydrogels based on ZnO-GO to Chitosan (CS) mass ratio. Gelation time, pH, structural changes, and microscopic morphology were evaluated. The hydrogel's antibacterial efficacy against Porphyromonas gingivalis, biofilm biomass, and metabolic activity was examined alongside its impact (MC3T3-e1). The findings of this study revealed that both hydrogel formulations exhibited temperature sensitivity, maintaining a neutral pH. The ZnO-GO/CS/β-GP formulation effectively inhibited P. gingivalis bacterial activity and biofilm formation, with a 3% ZnO-GO/CS/β-GP antibacterial rate approaching 100%. MC3T3-e1 cells displayed good biocompatibility when cultured in the hydrogel extract.The ZnO-GO/CS/β-GP thermo-sensitive hydrogel demonstrates favorable physical and chemical properties, effectively preventing biofilm formation. It exhibits promising biocompatibility, suggesting its potential as an adjuvant therapy for managing and preventing peri-implantitis, subject to further clinical investigations.
PubMed: 38755002
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2402.02055 -
European Journal of Dentistry May 2024The main principle in preventing periodontal disease is to improve oral hygiene. The bacteria that cause the onset of periodontal disease, one of which is the...
OBJECTIVE
The main principle in preventing periodontal disease is to improve oral hygiene. The bacteria that cause the onset of periodontal disease, one of which is the bacterium, causes inflammation. Persistent inflammation causes tissue damage and alveolar bone resorption by secreting proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In this case, preventive treatment is needed, such as using toothpaste that contains anti-inflammatories so that the progression of the disease does not get worse. The traditional ingredient currently being developed is , which has anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, this study analyzes the potential of toothpaste containing on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), MMP-9, and PGE-2 in the Wistar rat model induced by bacteria. This study aims to prove the potential of toothpaste to decrease the expression of PGE-2, TNF-α, and MMP-9 in the gingiva of rats induced by bacteria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty-five healthy male Wistar rats were used, consisting of the negative control group, which was only injected with bacteria ATCC3322. The positive control group was given enzyme toothpaste, and the treatment group was assigned 1 mg of paste using a microbrush for 30 seconds on the gingiva incisors mandibular with a circular motion, given two times a day for a week. Immunohistochemical to see the expression of TNF-α, PGE-2, and MMP-9. Parametric comparative analysis using a one-way analysis of variance test was performed to analyze differences between groups.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
toothpaste significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines, as seen through the expression of TNF-α, PGE-2, and MMP-9 on days 3, 5, and 7 ( <0.05).
CONCLUSION
In the limit of studied animal model, this trial indicates that giving toothpaste with black seed extract () could inhibit inflammatory mediators, as seen from the decreased expression of MMP-9, TNF-α, and PGE-2 seen from the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days.
PubMed: 38744331
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772700 -
European Journal of Dentistry May 2024Biofilms play a vital role in the occurrence or worsening of an infectious disease. is a bacterium with the ability to form biofilms that plays a key role in the...
OBJECTIVES
Biofilms play a vital role in the occurrence or worsening of an infectious disease. is a bacterium with the ability to form biofilms that plays a key role in the development of infectious diseases such as dental caries. The formation of biofilms in is mediated by quorum sensing. Inhibiting quorum sensing can be considered as one of the approaches to prevent caries. This study aims to investigate the ability of and bacteria to inhibit the formation of biofilm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research was conducted to analyze bacterial biofilm formation and metabolism. The bacteria used are (serotype C), (ATCC 5165), and (ATCC 33277). Biofilm formation was analyzed using the crystal violet assay. Bacterial metabolism was analyzed using the methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay.
RESULTS
The results of the crystal violet assay indicate a decrease in biofilm formation in when in the presence of and in the presence of . The results of the MTT assay show no significant change in the bacterial metabolism of in the presence of and in the presence of . However, with the presence of and show an increase in biofilm formation and bacterial metabolism.
CONCLUSION
and are each capable of inhibiting the formation of biofilm in a polymicrobial environment.
PubMed: 38744329
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1782215 -
Frontiers in Oral Health 2024Accumulating microbiome data and mechanistic studies and have refined our understanding of the oral microbiota as a functionally integrated polymicrobial community....
Accumulating microbiome data and mechanistic studies and have refined our understanding of the oral microbiota as a functionally integrated polymicrobial community. Emergent properties of these communities are driven to a large extent by interspecies communication which can be based on physical association, secreted small molecules or nutritional exchange. is a consensus periodontal pathogen; however, virulence is only expressed in the context of a polymicrobial community. Multivalent fimbriae mediate attachment to other oral species which can initiate a distinct transcriptional program in both constituents of the binding pair. also responds to small molecules and nutritional cues produced by partner organisms. Physiological interdependence forms the basis of complex networks of cooperating organisms which begin to resemble an organismal entity exhibiting a spectrum of pathogenic potential.
PubMed: 38736461
DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1404917 -
Polymers Apr 2024Oral bone defects occur as a result of trauma, cancer, infections, periodontal diseases, and caries. Autogenic and allogenic grafts are the gold standard used to treat...
Oral bone defects occur as a result of trauma, cancer, infections, periodontal diseases, and caries. Autogenic and allogenic grafts are the gold standard used to treat and regenerate damaged or defective bone segments. However, these materials do not possess the antimicrobial properties necessary to inhibit the invasion of the numerous deleterious pathogens present in the oral microbiota. In the present study, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp), and a commercial extract of L. (hops) were electrospun into polymeric matrices to assess their potential for drug delivery and bone regeneration. The fabricated matrices were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), FTIR assay, and hydrolytic degradation. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated against the oral pathogens , , and . The cytocompatibility was proved using the MTT assay. SEM analysis established the nanostructured matrices present in the three-dimensional interconnected network. The present research provides new information about the interaction of natural compounds with ceramic and polymeric biomaterials. The hop extract and other natural or synthetic medicinal agents can be effectively loaded into PCL fibers and have the potential to be used in oral applications.
PubMed: 38732727
DOI: 10.3390/polym16091258 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024(), a Gram-negative oral pathogen, promotes and accelerates periodontitis-associated gut disorders. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is crucial in the...
(), a Gram-negative oral pathogen, promotes and accelerates periodontitis-associated gut disorders. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is crucial in the pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic diseases. In this study, we sought to elucidate the protective role of cinnamaldehyde (CNM, an activator of Nrf2) against (W83) and -derived lipopolysaccharide (-LPS) induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction via antioxidative mechanisms in IEC-6 cells. IEC-6 (ATCC, CRL-1592) cells were pretreated with or without CNM (100 µM), in the presence or absence of (strain W83, 10 MOI) or -LPS (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL), respectively, between 0-72 h time points by adopting a co-culture method. Intestinal barrier function, cytokine secretion, and intestinal oxidative stress protein markers were analyzed. or -LPS significantly ( < 0.05) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels expressing oxidative stress damage. -LPS, as well as alone, induces inflammatory cytokines via TLR-4 signaling. Furthermore, infection reduced Nrf2 and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1). Interestingly, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression significantly ( < 0.05) increased with -LPS or infection, with elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO). CNM treatment suppressed both - and -LPS-induced intestinal oxidative stress damage by reducing ROS, MDA, and NO production. Furthermore, CNM treatment significantly upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins via increasing the phosphorylation levels of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 suppressing inflammatory cytokines. CNM protected against infection-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by activating the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2 signaling pathway in IEC-6 cells.
Topics: NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Acrolein; Animals; Signal Transduction; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Rats; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Intestinal Mucosa; Nitric Oxide; Cell Line; Lipopolysaccharides; Oxidative Stress; Epithelial Cells; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Reactive Oxygen Species; Cytokines
PubMed: 38731952
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094734 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Calcium phosphate (CaP) particles immobilizing antibacterial agents have the potential to be used as dental disinfectants. In this study, we fabricated CaP particles...
Calcium phosphate (CaP) particles immobilizing antibacterial agents have the potential to be used as dental disinfectants. In this study, we fabricated CaP particles with immobilized ciprofloxacin (CF), a commonly prescribed antibacterial agent, via a coprecipitation process using a supersaturated CaP solution. As the aging time in the coprecipitation process increased from 2 to 24 h, the CaP phase in the resulting particles transformed from amorphous to low-crystalline hydroxyapatite, and their Ca/P elemental ratio, yield, and CF content increased. Despite the higher CF content, the particles aged for 24 h displayed a slower release of CF in a physiological salt solution, most likely owing to their crystallized matrix (less soluble hydroxyapatite), than those aged for 2 h, whose matrix was amorphous CaP. Both particles exhibited antibacterial and antibiofilm activities along with an acid-neutralizing effect against the major oral bacteria, , , and , in a dose-dependent manner, although their dose-response relationship was slightly different. The aging time in the coprecipitation process was identified as a governing factor affecting the physicochemical properties of the resulting CF-immobilized CaP particles and their functionality as a dental disinfectant.
PubMed: 38730839
DOI: 10.3390/ma17092035 -
Food Science & Nutrition May 2024Neurotoxic microglia-provoked neuroinflammation is implicated in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Supplementation with , phosphatidylserine, , and propolis...
Neurotoxic microglia-provoked neuroinflammation is implicated in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Supplementation with , phosphatidylserine, , and propolis is reported to improve the cognitive functions of elderly people; however, the underlying mechanisms of this combination of natural ingredients are unknown. We investigated the effects of a mixture of extracts from propolis, , , phosphatidylserine, , and (mixture) on microglia polarization after exposure to amyloid β (Aβ, 1 μM) and lipopolysaccharide from (PgLPS, 1 μg/mL), using MG6 and BV2 microglial cells. Exposure to Aβ and PgLPS (AL) raised the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB in MG6 cells and BV2 cells, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in MG6 cells. The mixture dramatically suppressed the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, but significantly promoted that of IL-10, TGFβ1, and BDNF in AL-exposed MG6 and BV2 cells. Furthermore, the mixture significantly suppressed the nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB but significantly promoted that of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in AL-exposed MG6 and BV2 cells. Furthermore, the mixture significantly ameliorated mitochondrial ROS production but increased mitochondrial membrane potential in MG6 cells. These observations strongly suggest that the mixture demotes the neuropathic polarization of microglia by modulating NF-κB/Nrf2 activation and improving mitochondrial functions. This study supplies the potential mechanisms of the efficacy of a combination of natural ingredients that can be applied in the prevention of cognitive decline in AD and aging by targeting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
PubMed: 38726426
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4045 -
Dental Materials Journal May 2024We aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals with or without an experimental fluoride varnish against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Five phytochemicals,...
We aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of phytochemicals with or without an experimental fluoride varnish against Porphyromonas gingivalis. Five phytochemicals, chrysophanol (CHR), emodin (EMO), anthrarufin (ANT), bavachalcone (BCC), and isobavachromene (IBC), were tested using agar diffusion, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC), and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) assays. We also assessed the cell viability and cytotoxicity of phytochemicals. All phytochemicals showed clear inhibition zones in the agar diffusion test. The inhibition zones of all phytochemical-containing fluoride varnishes were similar to or larger than that of the positive control, excluding that of 1 mM EMO. With or without the fluoride varnish, BCC exhibited the lowest MIC and MBC levels. Cell viability was high in the presence of all phytochemicals except 200 μM EMO. In conclusion, BCC was most effective as a phytochemical alone, while all phytochemical-containing fluoride varnishes inhibited P. gingivalis growth without cytotoxicity.
PubMed: 38719582
DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-294