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European Journal of Pediatrics Jan 2020Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a severe, chronic, dermatosis characterised by inflammatory, sclerotic, pruritic lesions that causes significant morbidity in patients of all... (Review)
Review
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a severe, chronic, dermatosis characterised by inflammatory, sclerotic, pruritic lesions that causes significant morbidity in patients of all genders and ages. In boys, the lesions typically affect the foreskin and glans (termed balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO)), leading to phimosis and potentially meatal stenosis. The incidence of the disease is not well reported but the average age of affected boys is 8 years (range 1-16). Diagnosis can often be made clinically, although histological study remains important to rule out important differential diagnoses. Complications include genital scarring, urinary and sexual dysfunction as well as the development of carcinomas in adult life. Circumcision has been regarded as definitive management of BXO in boys, but this may be supplemented with medical therapies such as topical steroids, immune modulators, intralesional triamcinolone and ozonated olive oil. Supportive measures including emollients, avoidance of irritants, surveillance of complications and recurrence as well as education and counselling remain important.Conclusion: BXO remains an important cause of phimosis in boys. The frequency of this condition appears unclear but seems likely to be less than 1% of males. Treatment generally involves circumcision, with some evidence that topical steroids or immunomodulators may decrease the incidence of recurrent meatal stenosis.What is Known:• Surgical circumcision is considered the definitive management of BXO• Many aspects of BXO are still in contention or require further study including the epidemiology and aetiology.What is New:• There is increasing awareness of non-surgical modalities that may be used in adjunct to surgery including topical corticosteroids, immune modulators, intralesional triamcinolone and ozonated olive oil• Awareness of meatal stenosis-related BXO has led to the development of surgical techniques such as preputioplasty as well as buccal mucosal inlay grafts.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans; Child; Child, Preschool; Circumcision, Male; Europe; Humans; Infant; Male; Prognosis; United States
PubMed: 31760506
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03516-3 -
The Urologic Clinics of North America Feb 1992Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis. There are several etiologic agents, including bacterial and yeast infections, parasitic infestations, and trauma or... (Review)
Review
Balanitis is an inflammation of the glans penis. There are several etiologic agents, including bacterial and yeast infections, parasitic infestations, and trauma or irritants. Plasma-cell balanitis and balanitis xerotica obliterans are two distinct clinical entities. The authors review the clinical and pathologic features and the treatment options for these conditions.
Topics: Balanitis; Bowen's Disease; Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms
PubMed: 1736474
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and... 2024
Topics: Humans; Male; Balanitis
PubMed: 38196187
DOI: 10.1177/12034754231224367 -
International Journal of STD & AIDS 1995
Review
Topics: Age Factors; Balanitis; History, 20th Century; Humans; Male
PubMed: 7779935
DOI: 10.1177/095646249500600203 -
The Australasian Journal of Dermatology Aug 2021
Review
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Balanitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Penis
PubMed: 34129246
DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13646 -
Annales de Dermatologie Et de... Nov 2016
Topics: Acute Disease; Balanitis; Chronic Disease; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hygiene; Male; Skin Diseases, Infectious
PubMed: 27773500
DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2016.09.021 -
British Journal of Urology Feb 1989The clinical features of 100 cases of balanitis are described. The condition affects no more than 4% of boys, is commonest during pre-school years (but rare prior to...
The clinical features of 100 cases of balanitis are described. The condition affects no more than 4% of boys, is commonest during pre-school years (but rare prior to toilet training) and is usually associated with a prepuce which is partly or completely non-retractable. It does not cause phimosis and no single pathogen is involved. Most boys suffer a single episode and circumcision is indicated only for those with recurrent, troublesome attacks.
Topics: Adolescent; Balanitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Circumcision, Male; Humans; Infant; Male; Recurrence
PubMed: 2702407
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1989.tb05164.x -
Dermatologic Clinics Oct 1998Balanitis, inflammation of the glans penis, is a frequently presenting genital disorder. It may be infectious and sexually transmissible, or commonly represents a...
Balanitis, inflammation of the glans penis, is a frequently presenting genital disorder. It may be infectious and sexually transmissible, or commonly represents a noninfectious dermatologic condition. Accurate diagnosis is essential for management.
Topics: Adult; Bacterial Infections; Balanitis; Candidiasis; Child, Preschool; Condylomata Acuminata; Dermatitis, Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Eruptions; Herpes Genitalis; Humans; Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus; Male; Risk Factors; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial; Skin Diseases; Syphilis
PubMed: 9891676
DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70042-5 -
The Journal of Urology Feb 1995Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis typically affects the glans penis and/or prepuce, and presents as chronic shiny smooth red-orange plaques. We report on an... (Review)
Review
Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis typically affects the glans penis and/or prepuce, and presents as chronic shiny smooth red-orange plaques. We report on an uncircumcised man with 2 moist red-orange lesions of balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis on the glans and penile shaft, which were refractory to topical therapy and systemic antibiotics, and review the literature. Clinical morphology, microscopic features, differential diagnosis, postulated etiologies and treatments are discussed. When balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis is suspected clinically, diagnosis can be readily confirmed by microscopic examination of the lesion. Differentiating this lesion from similar lesions is essential since it is benign and can be treated relatively easily by circumcision.
Topics: Aged; Balanitis; Humans; Male
PubMed: 7815607
DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199502000-00043 -
Acta Medica Portuguesa Nov 2022
Topics: Humans; Male; Balanitis; Syphilis
PubMed: 35543623
DOI: 10.20344/amp.16763