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Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2016The origins of human infectious diseases have long fascinated scientists worldwide. Paleomicrobiology offers a unique access to the history of these infections and sheds... (Review)
Review
The origins of human infectious diseases have long fascinated scientists worldwide. Paleomicrobiology offers a unique access to the history of these infections and sheds light on ancient and historical epidemics. In this chapter, we review the paleomicrobiological evidence for Bartonella infections.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Fossils; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; Paleopathology
PubMed: 27337458
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.PoH-0007-2015 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2019Bartonellosis are diseases caused by any kind of Bartonella species. The infection manifests as asymptomatic bacteremia to potentially fatal disorders. Many species are... (Review)
Review
Bartonellosis are diseases caused by any kind of Bartonella species. The infection manifests as asymptomatic bacteremia to potentially fatal disorders. Many species are pathogenic to humans, but three are responsible for most clinical symptoms: Bartonella bacilliformis, Bartonella quintana, and Bartonella henselae. Peruvian wart, caused by B. bacilliformis, may be indistinguishable from bacillary angiomatosis caused by the other two species. Other cutaneous manifestations include maculo-papular rash in trench fever, papules or nodules in cat scratch disease, and vasculitis (often associated with endocarditis). In addition, febrile morbilliform rash, purpura, urticaria, erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, erythema marginatus, granuloma annularis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, granulomatous reactions, and angioproliferative reactions may occur. Considering the broad spectrum of infection and the potential complications associated with Bartonella spp., the infection should be considered by physicians more frequently among the differential diagnoses of idiopathic conditions. Health professionals and researchers often neglected this diseases.
Topics: Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Transfusion Reaction
PubMed: 31780437
DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2019.09.024 -
Revue Medicale de Liege Jul 2020We present three clinical cases to show the diversity of clinical presentations of Bartonella henselae infection, from classical adenopathy to disseminated form. It is...
We present three clinical cases to show the diversity of clinical presentations of Bartonella henselae infection, from classical adenopathy to disseminated form. It is an infection that leads to diagnostic wandering, due to a lack of explicit history and the variety of clinical manifestations. Antibiotic therapy is rarely necessary because it has a spontaneously favourable evolution in the majority of cases.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bartonella henselae; Cat-Scratch Disease; Humans
PubMed: 32779899
DOI: No ID Found -
Parasites & Vectors Jun 2023Hedgehogs are small synanthropic mammals that live in rural areas as well as in urban and suburban areas. They can be reservoirs of several microorganisms, including... (Review)
Review
Hedgehogs are small synanthropic mammals that live in rural areas as well as in urban and suburban areas. They can be reservoirs of several microorganisms, including certain pathogenic agents that cause human and animal public health issues. Hedgehogs are often parasitized by blood-sucking arthropods, mainly hard ticks and fleas, which in turn can also carry various vector-born microorganisms of zoonotic importance. Many biotic factors, such as urbanization and agricultural mechanization, have resulted in the destruction of the hedgehog's natural habitats, leading these animals to take refuge near human dwellings, seeking food and shelter in parks and gardens and exposing humans to zoonotic agents that can be transmitted either directly by them or indirectly by their ectoparasites. In this review, we focus on the microorganisms detected in arthropods sampled from hedgehogs worldwide. Several microorganisms have been reported in ticks collected from these animals, including various Borrelia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Rickettsia spp. species as well as Coxiella burnetii and Leptospira spp. As for fleas, C. burnetii, Rickettsia spp., Wolbachia spp., Mycobacterium spp. and various Bartonella species have been reported. The detection of these microorganisms in arthropods does not necessarily mean that they can be transmitted to humans and animals. While the vector capacity and competence of fleas and ticks for some of these microorganisms has been proven, in other cases the microorganisms may have simply been ingested with blood taken from an infected host. Further investigations are needed to clarify this issue. As hedgehogs are protected animals, handling them is highly regulated, making it difficult to conduct epidemiological studies on them. Their ectoparasites represent a very interesting source of information on microorganisms circulating in populations of these animals, especially vector-born ones.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Arthropods; Hedgehogs; Rickettsia; Bartonella; Mammals; Siphonaptera; Ticks; Flea Infestations
PubMed: 37349802
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05764-7 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Sep 2017Infective endocarditis is life-threatening; identification of the underlying etiology informs optimized individual patient management. Changing epidemiology, advances in... (Review)
Review
Infective endocarditis is life-threatening; identification of the underlying etiology informs optimized individual patient management. Changing epidemiology, advances in blood culture techniques, and new diagnostics guide the application of laboratory testing for diagnosis of endocarditis. Blood cultures remain the standard test for microbial diagnosis, with directed serological testing (i.e., Q fever serology, serology) in culture-negative cases. Histopathology and molecular diagnostics (e.g., 16S rRNA gene PCR/sequencing, PCR) may be applied to resected valves to aid in diagnosis. Herein, we summarize recent knowledge in this area and propose a microbiologic and pathological algorithm for endocarditis diagnosis.
Topics: Algorithms; Aortic Valve; Bartonella; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Enterococcus faecalis; Humans; Mitral Valve; Pathology, Molecular; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Serologic Tests; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus gallolyticus; Tropheryma
PubMed: 28659319
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.00635-17 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Sep 2014
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Adult; Angiomatosis, Bacillary; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bartonella; Biopsy; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Diagnosis, Differential; Doxycycline; Face; Humans; Male; Skin; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25187668
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0561 -
Parasites & Vectors Mar 2019Infections with Bartonella bacilliformis result in Carrion's disease in humans. In the first phase of infection, the pathogen causes a hemolytic fever ("Oroya fever")... (Review)
Review
Infections with Bartonella bacilliformis result in Carrion's disease in humans. In the first phase of infection, the pathogen causes a hemolytic fever ("Oroya fever") with case-fatality rates as high as ~90% in untreated patients, followed by a chronical phase resulting in angiogenic skin lesions ("verruga peruana"). Bartonella bacilliformis is endemic to South American Andean valleys and is transmitted via sand flies (Lutzomyia spp.). Humans are the only known reservoir for this old disease and therefore no animal infection model is available. In the present review, we provide the current knowledge on B. bacilliformis and its pathogenicity factors, vectors, possible unknown reservoirs, established and potential infection models and immunological aspects of the disease.
Topics: Animals; Bartonella Infections; Bartonella bacilliformis; Humans; Neglected Diseases
PubMed: 30909982
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3390-2 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2018Carrion's disease (CD) is a neglected biphasic vector-borne illness related to . It is found in the Andean valleys and is transmitted mainly by members of the genus but... (Review)
Review
Carrion's disease (CD) is a neglected biphasic vector-borne illness related to . It is found in the Andean valleys and is transmitted mainly by members of the genus but also by blood transfusions and from mother to child. The acute phase, Oroya fever, presents severe anemia and fever. The lethality is high in the absence of adequate treatment, despite the organism being susceptible to most antibiotics. Partial immunity is developed after infection by , resulting in high numbers of asymptomatic carriers. Following infection there is the chronic phase, Peruvian warts, involving abnormal proliferation of the endothelial cells. Despite potentially being eradicable, CD has been expanded due to human migration and geographical expansion of the vector. Moreover, studies have demonstrated the risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance. These findings, together with the description of new species producing CD-like infections, the presence of undescribed potential vectors in new areas, the lack of adequate diagnostic tools and knowledge of the immunology and bacterial pathogenesis of CD, and poor international visibility, have led to the risk of increasing the potential expansion of resistant strains which will challenge current treatment schemes as well as the possible appearance of CD in areas where it is not endemic.
Topics: Animal Distribution; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bartonella; Bartonella Infections; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Insect Vectors; Psychodidae
PubMed: 29187394
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00056-17 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Jun 2016The gut microbiota can have profound effects on hosts, but the study of these relationships in humans is challenging. The specialized gut microbial community of honey... (Review)
Review
The gut microbiota can have profound effects on hosts, but the study of these relationships in humans is challenging. The specialized gut microbial community of honey bees is similar to the mammalian microbiota, as both are mostly composed of host-adapted, facultatively anaerobic and microaerophilic bacteria. However, the microbial community of the bee gut is far simpler than the mammalian microbiota, being dominated by only nine bacterial species clusters that are specific to bees and that are transmitted through social interactions between individuals. Recent developments, which include the discovery of extensive strain-level variation, evidence of protective and nutritional functions, and reports of eco-physiological or disease-associated perturbations to the microbial community, have drawn attention to the role of the microbiota in bee health and its potential as a model for studying the ecology and evolution of gut symbionts.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Bartonella; Bees; Biological Evolution; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Host Specificity; Humans; Lactobacillus; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Symbiosis
PubMed: 27140688
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.43 -
Diagnostic Pathology Jan 2022Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies is a useful diagnostic method for detecting pathogen antigens in fixed tissues, complementing the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies is a useful diagnostic method for detecting pathogen antigens in fixed tissues, complementing the direct diagnosis of infectious diseases by PCR and culture on fresh tissues. It was first implemented in a seminal publication by Albert Coons in 1941.
MAIN BODY
Of 14,198 publications retrieved from the PubMed, Google, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases up to December 2021, 230 were selected for a review of IHC techniques, protocols and results. The methodological evolutions of IHC and its application to the diagnosis of infectious diseases, more specifically lice-borne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and skin infections, were critically examined. A total of 59 different pathogens have been detected once in 22 different tissues and organs; and yet non-cultured, fastidious and intracellular pathogens accounted for the vast majority of pathogens detected by IHC. Auto-IHC, incorporating patient serum as the primary antibody, applied to diseased heart valves surgically collected from blood culture-negative endocarditis patients, detected unidentified Gram-positive cocci and microorganisms which were subsequently identified as Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella quintana, Bartonella henselae and Tropheryma whipplei. The application of IHC to ancient tissues dated between the ends of the Ptolemaic period to over 70 years ago, have also contributed to paleomicrobiology diagnoses.
CONCLUSION
IHC plays an important role in diagnostic of infectious diseases in tissue samples. Paleo-auto-IHC derived from auto-IHC, is under development for detecting non-identified pathogens from ancient specimens.
Topics: Bartonella quintana; Communicable Diseases; Coxiella burnetii; Heart Valves; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 35094696
DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01197-5