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NeuroImage May 2020In cognitive neuroscience, measurements of "resting baseline" are often considered stable across age and used as a reference point against which to judge cognitive... (Review)
Review
In cognitive neuroscience, measurements of "resting baseline" are often considered stable across age and used as a reference point against which to judge cognitive state. The task-based approach-comparing resting baseline to task conditions-implies that resting baseline is an equalizer across participants and-in the case of studies of developmental changes in cognition-across age groups. In contrast, network neuroscience explicitly examines the development of "resting state" networks across age, at odds with the idea of a consistent resting baseline. Little attention has been paid to how cognition during rest may shift across development, particularly in children under the age of eight. Childhood is marked by striking maturation of neural systems, including a protracted developmental period for cognitive control systems. To grow and shape these cognitive systems, children have a developmental imperative to engage their neural circuitry at every possible opportunity. Thus, periods of "rest" without specific instructions may require additional control for children as they fight against developmental expectation to move, speak, or otherwise engage. We therefore theorize that the child brain does not rest in a manner consistent with the adult brain as longer rest periods may represent increased cognitive control. To shape this theory, we first review the extant literature on neurodevelopment across early childhood within the context of cognitive development. Next, we present nascent evidence for a destabilized baseline for comparisons across age. Finally, we present recommendations for designing, analyzing, and interpreting tasks conducted with young children as well as for resting state. Future work must aim to tease apart the cognitive context under which we examine functional brain development in young children and take considerations into account unique to each age.
Topics: Adolescent; Brain; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Cognitive Neuroscience; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Rest
PubMed: 32114148
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116688 -
Occupational Therapy International 2022Children with a specific learning disability (SLD) have deficits in everyday occupations along with executive function in addition to academic issues. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Children with a specific learning disability (SLD) have deficits in everyday occupations along with executive function in addition to academic issues.
OBJECTIVE
The present study is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of Occupational Performance Coaching (OPC) and the FourQuadrant Model of Facilitated Learning (4QM) interventions on the participation in occupational performance and executive function skills in children with SLD.
METHOD
This study was a single-case experimental design (multiple baselines) in which six children with SLD were randomly assigned to three groups. In the baseline phase, three groups of children underwent repeated executive function assessments using the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in the multiple baselines. In the intervention phase, all six mothers of children with SLD individually received OPC and 4QM interventions once a week for 14 sessions of 60 minutes and during this period, children were evaluated six more times for executive function skills according to SCWT and WCST. In addition, The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) at the beginning and the end of the baseline phase and the end of the intervention phase were completed by mothers of children with SLD.
RESULTS
More than 50% PND of the SCWT and WCST in the visual analysis graph's information along with significant changes in COPM scores and large effect size of BRIEF subscales (Cohen's ≥ 0.8) in pre- and postintervention showed the effectiveness of OPC and 4QM on the participation in occupational performance and executive function skills in children with SLD.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study support the effectiveness of OPC and 4QM interventions on children with SLD. However, research with more participants and experimental methods can provide further evidence.
Topics: Canada; Child; Executive Function; Humans; Mentoring; Occupational Therapy; Occupations; Specific Learning Disorder
PubMed: 35832097
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4654204 -
Journal of Geodesy 2021The primary goal of the geodetic Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) technique is to provide highly accurate terrestrial and celestial reference frames as well as...
The primary goal of the geodetic Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) technique is to provide highly accurate terrestrial and celestial reference frames as well as Earth orientation parameters. In compliance with the concept of VLBI, additional parameters reflecting relative offsets and variations of the atomic clocks of the radio telescopes have to be estimated. In addition, reality shows that in many cases significant offsets appear in the observed group delays for individual baselines which have to be compensated for by estimating so-called baseline-dependent clock offsets (BCOs). For the first time, we systematically investigate the impact of BCOs to stress their importance for all kinds of VLBI data analyses. For our investigations, we concentrate on analyzing data from both legacy networks of the CONT17 campaign. Various aspects of BCOs including their impact on the estimates of geodetically important parameters, such as station coordinates and Earth orientation parameters, are investigated. In addition, some of the theory behind the BCO determination, e.g., the impact of changing the reference clock in the observing network on the BCO estimate is introduced together with the relationship between BCOs and triangle delay closures. In conclusion, missing channels, and here in particular at S band, affecting the ionospheric delay calibration, are identified to be the dominant cause for the occurrence of significant BCOs in VLBI data analysis.
PubMed: 34789964
DOI: 10.1007/s00190-021-01579-5 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2020Psychologists often assume that social and cognitive processes operate independently, an assumption that prompts research into how social context cognitive processes.... (Review)
Review
Psychologists often assume that social and cognitive processes operate independently, an assumption that prompts research into how social context cognitive processes. We propose that social and cognitive processes are not necessarily separate, and that social context is innate to resource dependent cognitive processes. We review the research supporting social baseline theory, which argues that our default state in physiological, cognitive, and neural processing is to incorporate the relative costs and benefits of acting in our social environment. The review extends social baseline theory by applying social baseline theory to basic cognitive processes such as vision, memory, and attention, incorporating individual differences into the theory, reviewing environmental influences on social baselines, and exploring the dynamic effects of social interactions. The theoretical and methodological implications of social baseline theory are discussed, and future research endeavors into social cognition should consider that cognitive processes are situated our social environments.
PubMed: 32210891
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00378 -
Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) Jul 2011Previous research in the biomedical text-mining domain has historically been limited to titles, abstracts and metadata available in MEDLINE records. Recent research...
MOTIVATION
Previous research in the biomedical text-mining domain has historically been limited to titles, abstracts and metadata available in MEDLINE records. Recent research initiatives such as TREC Genomics and BioCreAtIvE strongly point to the merits of moving beyond abstracts and into the realm of full texts. Full texts are, however, more expensive to process not only in terms of resources needed but also in terms of accuracy. Since full texts contain embellishments that elaborate, contextualize, contrast, supplement, etc., there is greater risk for false positives. Motivated by this, we explore an approach that offers a compromise between the extremes of abstracts and full texts. Specifically, we create reduced versions of full text documents that contain only important portions. In the long-term, our goal is to explore the use of such summaries for functions such as document retrieval and information extraction. Here, we focus on designing summarization strategies. In particular, we explore the use of MeSH terms, manually assigned to documents by trained annotators, as clues to select important text segments from the full text documents.
RESULTS
Our experiments confirm the ability of our approach to pick the important text portions. Using the ROUGE measures for evaluation, we were able to achieve maximum ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2 and ROUGE-SU4 F-scores of 0.4150, 0.1435 and 0.1782, respectively, for our MeSH term-based method versus the maximum baseline scores of 0.3815, 0.1353 and 0.1428, respectively. Using a MeSH profile-based strategy, we were able to achieve maximum ROUGE F-scores of 0.4320, 0.1497 and 0.1887, respectively. Human evaluation of the baselines and our proposed strategies further corroborates the ability of our method to select important sentences from the full texts.
CONTACT
[email protected]; [email protected].
Topics: Information Storage and Retrieval; MEDLINE; Medical Subject Headings; United States
PubMed: 21685060
DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr223 -
Biophysical Reports Jun 2023Thermodenaturation (melting) curves of macromolecules are used to determine folding thermodynamic parameters. Notably, this insight into RNA and DNA stability underlies...
Thermodenaturation (melting) curves of macromolecules are used to determine folding thermodynamic parameters. Notably, this insight into RNA and DNA stability underlies nearest neighbor theory and diverse structure prediction tools. Analysis of UV-detected absorbance melting curves is complex and multivariate, requiring many data preprocessing, regression, and error analysis steps. The absorbance melting curve-fitting software MeltWin, introduced in 1996, provided a consistent and facile melting curve analysis platform used in a generation of folding parameters. Unfortunately, MeltWin software is not maintained and relies on idiosyncratic choices of baselines by the user. Herein, we provide MeltR, an open-source, curve-fitting package for analysis of macromolecular thermodynamic data. The MeltR package provides the facile conversion of melting curve data to parameters provided by MeltWin while offering additional features including global fitting of data, auto-baseline generation, and two-state melting analysis. MeltR should be a useful tool for analyzing the next generation of DNA, RNA, and nonnucleic acid macromolecular melting data.
PubMed: 37006960
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2023.100101 -
IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in... 2022Infection (bacteria in the wound) and ischemia (insufficient blood supply) in Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) increase the risk of limb amputation. To develop an...
Infection (bacteria in the wound) and ischemia (insufficient blood supply) in Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs) increase the risk of limb amputation. To develop an image-based DFU infection and ischemia detection system that uses deep learning. The DFU dataset was augmented using geometric and color image operations, after which binary infection and ischemia classification was done using the EfficientNet deep learning model and a comprehensive set of baselines. The EfficientNets model achieved 99% accuracy in ischemia classification and 98% in infection classification, outperforming ResNet and Inception (87% accuracy) and Ensemble CNN, the prior state of the art (Classification accuracy of 90% for ischemia 73% for infection). EfficientNets also classified test images in a fraction (10% to 50%) of the time taken by baseline models. This work demonstrates that EfficientNets is a viable deep learning model for infection and ischemia classification.
PubMed: 36660100
DOI: 10.1109/OJEMB.2022.3219725 -
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine Aug 2020Although mucins were suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis, the correlation between the expression levels of MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2, and the...
Although mucins were suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis, the correlation between the expression levels of MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2, and the recurrence of nasal polyps, has not been extensively investigated. The present study aimed to investigate the association of the levels of mucin (MUC) 2, MUC5AC and MUC5B with the recurrence of nasal polyps. A total of 56 patients with nasal polyps who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery at the Tianjin Third Central Hospital (Tianjin, China) between June 2007 and June 2010 were included and baseline characteristics were recorded. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis was used to determine the expression levels of the MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B genes at six months following the operation. The recurrence rate was calculated at one year following the operation. Spearman's rank correlation was used to determine the association between the reduction in the expression levels of MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B, and the recurrence rate of nasal polyps. There were no significant differences observed in the baseline characteristics between patients with and without the recurrence of nasal polyps. Prior to treatment, the expression levels of MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2 in patients with nasal polyps were significantly increased compared with those in the paranasal tissues and normal nasal mucosa. The expression levels of MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2 were similar between patients with and without recurrent nasal polyps. In addition, significantly decreased MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2 gene expression levels were observed in patients without recurrence of nasal polyps compared with those with recurrence of nasal polyps at six months following the operation. The decreased values of MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC2 in patients with recurrence and without recurrence of nasal polyps compared with baselines were significantly negatively correlated with the recurrence rate of nasal polyps. In conclusion, the present results provided novel data for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with recurrent nasal polyps.
PubMed: 32742413
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8837 -
PeerJ. Computer Science 2023Clustering analysis discovers hidden structures in a data set by partitioning them into disjoint clusters. Robust accuracy measures that evaluate the goodness of...
BACKGROUND
Clustering analysis discovers hidden structures in a data set by partitioning them into disjoint clusters. Robust accuracy measures that evaluate the goodness of clustering results are critical for algorithm development and model diagnosis. Common problems of clustering accuracy measures include overlooking unmatched clusters, biases towards excessive clusters, unstable baselines, and difficulties of interpretation. In this study, we presented a novel accuracy measure, J-score, to address these issues.
METHODS
Given a data set with known class labels, J-score quantifies how well the hypothetical clusters produced by clustering analysis recover the true classes. It starts with bidirectional set matching to identify the correspondence between true classes and hypothetical clusters based on Jaccard index. It then computes two weighted sums of Jaccard indices measuring the reconciliation from classes to clusters and . The final J-score is the harmonic mean of the two weighted sums.
RESULTS
Through simulation studies and analyses of real data sets, we evaluated the performance of J-score and compared with existing measures. Our results show that J-score is effective in distinguishing partition structures that differ only by unmatched clusters, rewarding correct inference of class numbers, addressing biases towards excessive clusters, and having a relatively stable baseline. The simplicity of its calculation makes the interpretation straightforward. It is a valuable tool complementary to other accuracy measures. We released an R/jScore package implementing the algorithm.
PubMed: 37705621
DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.1545 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022A new, portable bedside coagulation monitor (VCM Vet) has provided a user-friendly, cartridge-based method to perform viscoelastic testing. However, the use of native...
BACKGROUND
A new, portable bedside coagulation monitor (VCM Vet) has provided a user-friendly, cartridge-based method to perform viscoelastic testing. However, the use of native whole blood limits the time to analyze the sample to minutes. The objective of this study is to assess whether citrated whole blood can be utilized with the cartridge-based system and whether the results are comparable to those of native whole blood. A secondary objective is to assess the viability of citrated whole blood results after up to 4 hours of resting.
METHODS
The study population consisted of 10 healthy mixed breed dogs. Whole blood samples were collected jugular venipuncture. Blood was immediately transferred to the VCM test cartridge for native whole blood control group analysis per the manufacturer's instructions, and the remainder was used to fill two 3.2% sodium citrate vacutainer tubes. Test group analysis was performed on samples from each tube concurrently after a rest period of 30 min (baseline), 2 h, and 4 h. Citrated whole blood samples were recalcified for analysis immediately prior to introduction into the test cartridge. Data was recorded for all reported parameters. Results from the citrate groups were compared to the control group and to the citrated baseline to assess for differences. Overall results were compared using mixed ANOVA models. Where found, specific differences were evaluated using Tukey's test. Within-sample variation was investigated and reported as median (range). A < 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
Samples were obtained for a total of 10 control runs and 20 citrated whole blood runs. Comparison of controls to the citrated test groups revealed significant differences in CT ( < 0.001) and MCF ( < 0.002). There were no significant differences between test groups compared to citrated baselines for any parameter. Selected median coefficients of variation were 6.8% (0-68.8%) for CT, 2.4% (0-19.46%) for alpha angle, 3.2% (0-27.4%) for MCF, and 0% (0-16.3%) for 45-min LY45.
CONCLUSION
Citrated whole blood samples can be used with the VCM Vet device; however, new reference intervals for use with citrated whole blood will be required. Results using citrated whole blood samples are not significantly different from baseline after up to 4 h of resting.
PubMed: 35330612
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.827350