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Nutrients Apr 2024Food allergy (FA) has become a common global public health issue, with a growing prevalence in the modern world and a significant impact on the lives of patients, their... (Review)
Review Comparative Study
Food allergy (FA) has become a common global public health issue, with a growing prevalence in the modern world and a significant impact on the lives of patients, their families, and caregivers. It affects every area of life and is associated with elevated costs. Food allergy is an adverse immune reaction that occurs in response to a given food. The symptoms vary from mild to severe and can lead to anaphylaxis. This is why it is important to focus on the factors influencing the occurrence of food allergies, specific diagnostic methods, effective therapies, and especially prevention. Recently, many guidelines have emphasized the impact of introducing specific foods into a child's diet at an early age in order to prevent food allergies. Childhood allergies vary with age. In infants, the most common allergy is to cow's milk. Later in life, peanut allergy is more frequently diagnosed. Numerous common childhood allergies can be outgrown by adulthood. Adults can also develop new IgE-mediated FA. The gold standard for diagnosis is the oral provocation test. Skin prick tests, specific IgE measurements, and component-resolved diagnostic techniques are helpful in the diagnosis. Multiple different approaches are being tried as possible treatments, such as immunotherapy or monoclonal antibodies. This article focuses on the prevention and quality of life of allergic patients. This article aims to systematize the latest knowledge and highlight the differences between food allergies in pediatric and adult populations.
Topics: Humans; Food Hypersensitivity; Child; Adult; Age Factors; Quality of Life; Immunoglobulin E; Infant; Child, Preschool; Skin Tests
PubMed: 38732564
DOI: 10.3390/nu16091317 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Mar 2024The combined effect of Aloe vera gel (AVG) administered through drinking water and dietary red grape pomace powder (RGP) on growth performance, physiological traits,...
The combined effect of Aloe vera gel (AVG) administered through drinking water and dietary red grape pomace powder (RGP) on growth performance, physiological traits, welfare indicators, and meat quality in densely stocked broilers was evaluated. A total of 750, two-week-old male Ross 308 broilers (317.7 ± 10.12 g live weight) were randomly assigned to 25 cages, with each cage as an experimental unit. The broilers were stocked at a density of 30 birds per cage with a floor space of 1.32 m. Dietary treatments were a standard grower or finisher diet (CON); CON containing 30 g RGP /kg diet plus either 1 (GPA1), 2 (GPA2), 3 (GPA3), or 4% (GPA4) AVG in drinking water. Treatment GPA1 promoted higher (P < 0.05) overall weight gain and overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) than CON. Positive quadratic effects (P < 0.05) were noted for mean corpuscular hemoglobin, basophils, 24-hour breast meat yellowness, chroma, and hue angle. The GPA2 group had the lowest (P < 0.05) gait score while the CON group had the highest score. Concurrent supplementation with a 30 g RGP /kg diet plus 1% AVG in drinking water enhanced weight gain, FCR, and finisher weight of densely stocked broilers. However, AVG doses beyond 1% did not enhance performance and physiological traits in densely stocked broilers.
Topics: Male; Animals; Chickens; Vitis; Drinking Water; Dietary Supplements; Diet; Weight Gain; Animal Feed; Meat; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Plant Preparations
PubMed: 38507034
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03943-x -
Journal of Advanced Research Nov 2023Pulmonary hypertension (PH) represents a progressive condition characterized by the remodeling of pulmonary arteries, ultimately culminating in right heart failure and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) represents a progressive condition characterized by the remodeling of pulmonary arteries, ultimately culminating in right heart failure and increased mortality rates. Substantial evidence has elucidated the pivotal role of perivascular inflammatory factors and immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of PH. Chemokines, a class of small secreted proteins, exert precise control over immune cell recruitment and functionality, particularly with respect to their migration to sites of inflammation. Consequently, chemokines emerge as critical drivers facilitating immune cell infiltration into the pulmonary tissue during inflammatory responses. This review comprehensively examines the significant contributions of CC chemokines in the maintenance of immune cell homeostasis and their pivotal role in regulating inflammatory responses. The central focus of this discussion is directed towards elucidating the precise immunoregulatory actions of CC chemokines concerning various immune cell types, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils, particularly in the context of pH processes. Furthermore, this paper delves into an exploration of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms that underpin the development of PH. Specifically, it investigates processes such as cellular pyroptosis, examines the intricate crosstalk between bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) mutations and the immune response, and sheds light on key signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory response. These aspects are deemed critical in enhancing our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of PH. Moreover, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of findings from experimental investigations targeting immune cells and CC chemokines.
AIM OF REVIEW
In summary, the inquiry into the inflammatory responses mediated by CC chemokines and their corresponding receptors, and their potential in modulating immune reactions, holds promise as a prospective avenue for addressing PH. The potential inhibition of CC chemokines and their receptors stands as a viable strategy to attenuate the inflammatory cascade and ameliorate the pathological manifestations of PH. Nonetheless, it is essential to acknowledge the current state of clinical trials and the ensuing progress, which regrettably appears to be less than encouraging. Substantial hurdles exist in the successful translation of research findings into clinical applications. The intention is that such emphasis could potentially foster the advancement of potent therapeutic agents presently in the process of clinical evaluation. This, in turn, may further bolster the potential for effective management of PH.
PubMed: 37926143
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.10.015 -
Cureus Sep 2023The reduction in oxygen partial pressure at high altitudes leads to diminished oxygen saturation in the arteries, stimulating erythropoietin production and...
The reduction in oxygen partial pressure at high altitudes leads to diminished oxygen saturation in the arteries, stimulating erythropoietin production and erythropoiesis to restore appropriate oxygenation. While many studies have explored acclimatization to high altitude and its effects on complete blood count (CBC) parameters, our research uniquely examined both male and female healthy individuals, emphasizing the novelty of gender-specific observations. We analyzed 1,160 individuals in Taif (Al Hada), east Saudi Arabia, a high-altitude region, and compared them to 1,044 counterparts in Jeddah, at sea level. Our results revealed significant variations in CBC parameters, including white blood count, red blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, reflecting the body's hypoxic response. These variations were observed in both genders, with specific differences noted between males and females. For example, NEU (neutrophils), representing the absolute count of a type of white blood cell essential in the immune system's defense, showed significant variations for males. The male results show that the variation in males between the sea level and high altitudes indicated significant p-values for all CBC parameters except NEU between at sea level (Jeddah city), whose p-value was 0.8696, and at high altitude (Taif city, Al Hada). In contrast, MONO (monocytes), another type of white blood cell involved in immune response, and RBC (red blood cells), responsible for oxygen transport, were mentioned but did not show significant variations for females. The full results for females showed significant results (P<0.0001) for BASO, HCT, HGB, MCH, MCHC, MPV, PLT, RDW, and WBC between the sea-level altitude and high altitude for females. Also, EOS and LYM showed significant P-values of 0.0002 and 0.0001, respectively, while MONO, NEU, and RBC indicated no significance between the sea-level altitude and high altitude for females. The p-values of MONO, NEU, and RBC, respectively, were 0.1907, 0.1259, and 0.0677. The results for both genders combined showed significant variations of all CBC parameters (P<0.0001) between the sea-level altitude and high altitude except for MONO, NEU, and RBC, which were not significant for both males and females, with p-values of 0.1589, 0.2911, and 0.0595, respectively. All unhealthy individuals were excluded from the study with any condition that would cause significant changes in CBC parameters and would skew the results, ensuring a focus on physiological adaptations in healthy subjects. By comparing healthy individuals and examining each gender separately, this study contributes valuable insights into high-altitude acclimatization, enhancing our understanding of physiological adaptations and potentially guiding health management in such environments within the normal range.
PubMed: 37814743
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44889 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening or even fatal systemic hypersensitivity reaction. The incidence of anaphylaxis has risen at an alarming rate in the past decades in the... (Review)
Review
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening or even fatal systemic hypersensitivity reaction. The incidence of anaphylaxis has risen at an alarming rate in the past decades in the majority of countries. Generally, the most common causes of severe or fatal anaphylaxis are medication, foods and venoms. Anaphylactic reactions are characterized by the activation of mast cells and basophils and the release of mediators. These cells express a variety of receptors that enable them to respond to a wide range of stimulants. Most studies of anaphylaxis focus on IgE-dependent reactions. The mast cell has long been regarded as the main effector cell involved in IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. This paper reviews IgE-independent anaphylaxis, with special emphasis on mast cells, basophils, anaphylactic mediators, risk factors, triggers, and management.
Topics: Humans; Anaphylaxis; Mast Cells; Basophils; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Immunoglobulin E
PubMed: 37628983
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612802 -
European Journal of Cell Biology Jun 2023Allergic reactions are highly prevalent pathologies initiated by the production of IgE antibodies against harmless antigens (allergens) and the activation of the... (Review)
Review
Allergic reactions are highly prevalent pathologies initiated by the production of IgE antibodies against harmless antigens (allergens) and the activation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) expressed in the surface of basophils and mast cells (MCs). Research on the mechanisms of negative control of those exacerbated inflammatory reactions has been intense in recent years. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) show important regulatory effects on MC-mediated immune responses, mainly inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. However, the description of the molecular mechanisms involved in eCB control of MC activation is far from complete. In this review, we aim to summarize the available information regarding the role of eCBs in the modulation of FcεRI-dependent activation of that cell type, emphasizing the description of the eCB system and the existence of some of its elements in MCs. Unique characteristics of the eCB system and cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) localization and signaling in MCs are mentioned. The described and putative points of cross-talk between CBRs and FcεRI signaling cascades are also presented. Finally, we discuss some important considerations in the study of the effects of eCBs in MCs and the perspectives in the field.
Topics: Humans; Receptors, IgE; Immunoglobulin E; Endocannabinoids; Mast Cells; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 37236045
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151324 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has long been considered a benign, chronic inflammatory, and hyperplastic disease. Recent studies have shown that... (Review)
Review
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has long been considered a benign, chronic inflammatory, and hyperplastic disease. Recent studies have shown that autoimmune-related mechanisms are involved in the pathology of nasal polyps. Activated plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, innate type 2 lymphocytes, mast cells, and proinflammatory cytokine in polyp tissue indicate the mobilization of innate and adaptive immune pathways during polyp formation. The discovery of a series of autoantibodies further supports the autoimmune nature of nasal polyps. Local homeostasis dysregulation, infection, and chronic inflammation may trigger autoimmunity through several mechanisms, including autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, activation or inhibition of receptors, bystander activation, dysregulation of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity. In this paper, we elaborated on the microbiome-mediated mechanism, abnormal host immunity, and genetic changes to update the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
Topics: Humans; Nasal Polyps; Autoimmunity; Inflammation; Sinusitis; Chronic Disease; Plasma Cells; Autoantigens; Rhinitis
PubMed: 37176151
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098444 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics Apr 2023Leukocytes are mainly composed of neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The number and proportion of different types of leukocytes correspond...
SIGNIFICANCE
Leukocytes are mainly composed of neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. The number and proportion of different types of leukocytes correspond to different diseases, so an accurate segmentation of each type of leukocyte is important for the diagnosis of disease. However, the acquisition of blood cell images can be affected by external environmental factors, which can lead to variable light and darkness, complex backgrounds, and poorly characterized leukocytes.
AIM
To address the problem of complex blood cell images collected under different environments and the lack of obvious leukocyte features, a leukocyte segmentation method based on improved U-net is proposed.
APPROACH
First, adaptive histogram equalization-retinex correction was introduced for data enhancement to make the leukocyte features in the blood cell images clearer. Then, to address the problem of similarity between different types of leukocytes, convolutional block attention module is added to the four skip connections of U-net to focus the features from spatial and channel aspects, so that the network can quickly locate the high-value information of features in different channels and spaces. It avoids the problem of large amount of repeated computation of low-value information, prevents overfitting, and improves the training efficiency and generalization ability of the network. Finally, to solve the problem of class imbalance in blood cell images and to better segment the cytoplasm of leukocytes, a loss function combining focal loss and Dice loss is proposed.
RESULTS
We use the BCISC public dataset to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The segmentation of multiple leukocytes using the method of this paper can achieve 99.53% accuracy and 91.89% mIoU.
CONCLUSIONS
The experimental results show that the method achieves good segmentation results for lymphocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes.
Topics: Leukocytes; Cytoplasm; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 37065646
DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.28.4.045002 -
Frontiers in Allergy 2023It is well established that immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a crucial role in atopy by binding to two types of Fcε receptors (FcεRI and FcεRII, also known as CD23). The... (Review)
Review
It is well established that immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a crucial role in atopy by binding to two types of Fcε receptors (FcεRI and FcεRII, also known as CD23). The cross-linking of FcεRI-bound IgE on effector cells, such as basophils and mast cells, initiates the allergic response. Conversely, the binding of IgE to CD23 modulates IgE serum levels and antigen presentation. In addition to binding to FcεRs, IgE can also interact with other receptors, such as certain galectins and, in mice, some FcγRs. The binding strength of IgE to its receptors is affected by its valency and glycosylation. While FcεRI shows reduced binding to IgE immune complexes (IgE-ICs), the binding to CD23 is enhanced. There is no evidence that galectins bind IgE-ICs. On the other hand, IgE glycosylation plays a crucial role in the binding to FcεRI and galectins, whereas the binding to CD23 seems to be independent of glycosylation. In this review, we will focus on receptors that bind to IgE and examine how the glycosylation and complexation of IgE impact their binding.
PubMed: 37056355
DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1117611