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Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) Jan 2019Mycobacterium avium is an environmental microorganism found in soil and water sources worldwide. It is the most prevalent species of nontuberculous mycobacteria that... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium avium is an environmental microorganism found in soil and water sources worldwide. It is the most prevalent species of nontuberculous mycobacteria that causes infectious diseases, especially in immunocompromised individuals. This review discusses and highlights key topics about M. avium, such as epidemiology, pathogenicity, glycopeptidolipids, laboratory identification, genotyping, antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, the main comorbidities associated with M. avium infection are discussed.
Topics: Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genotype; Glycolipids; Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Virulence
PubMed: 30711152
DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.12.004 -
The American Journal of the Medical... May 2016
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Radiography, Thoracic; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27140720
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2015.11.004 -
La Revue de Medecine Interne 1995
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Humans; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
PubMed: 7709113
DOI: 10.1016/0248-8663(96)80673-4 -
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology... Apr 2018Mycobacterial infections in pigs are caused particularly by the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and these infections lead to great economic losses mainly within the... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterial infections in pigs are caused particularly by the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and these infections lead to great economic losses mainly within the countries with high pork meat production. The importance of the MAC infections in humans is rising because of its higher prevalence and also higher mortality rates particularly in advanced countries. In addition, treatment of the MAC infections in humans tends to be complicated because of its increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Several studies across Europe have documented the MAC occurrence in the slaughtered pigs - not only in their lymph nodes and tonsils, which are the most frequent, but also in the diaphragmas, other organs and not least in meat. This is why we need both more specific and more sensitive methods for the MAC infection detection. Different PCR assays were established as well as advanced intravital testing by the gamma interferon release test. On the other hand, tuberculin skin test is still one of the cheapest methods of mycobacterial infections detection.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Bacterial; Europe; Humans; Interferon-gamma Release Tests; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tuberculin Test
PubMed: 30017080
DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.06.005 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 1993Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease emerged early in the epidemic of AIDS as one of the common opportunistic infections afflicting human immunodeficiency... (Review)
Review
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease emerged early in the epidemic of AIDS as one of the common opportunistic infections afflicting human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. However, only over the past few years has a consensus developed about its significance to the morbidity and mortality of AIDS. M. avium was well known to mycobacteriologists decades before AIDS, and the MAC was known to cause disease, albeit uncommon, in humans and animals. The early interest in the MAC provided a basis for an explosion of studies over the past 10 years largely in response to the role of the MAC in AIDS opportunistic infection. Molecular techniques have been applied to the epidemiology of MAC disease as well as to a better understanding of the genetics of antimicrobial resistance. The interaction of the MAC with the immune system is complex, and putative MAC virulence factors appear to have a direct effect on the components of cellular immunity, including the regulation of cytokine expression and function. There now is compelling evidence that disseminated MAC disease in humans contributes to both a decrease in the quality of life and survival. Disseminated disease most commonly develops late in the course of AIDS as the CD4 cells are depleted below a critical threshold, but new therapies for prophylaxis and treatment offer considerable promise. These new therapeutic modalities are likely to be useful in the treatment of other forms of MAC disease in patients without AIDS. The laboratory diagnosis of MAC disease has focused on the detection of mycobacteria in the blood and tissues, and although the existing methods are largely adequate, there is need for improvement. Indeed, the successful treatment of MAC disease clearly will require an early and rapid detection of the MAC in clinical specimens long before the establishment of the characteristic overwhelming infection of bone marrow, liver, spleen, and other tissue. Also, a standard method of susceptibility testing is of increasing interest and importance as new effective antimicrobial agents are identified and evaluated. Antimicrobial resistance has already emerged as an important problem, and methods for circumventing resistance that use combination therapies are now being studied.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Animals; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
PubMed: 8358707
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.6.3.266 -
BioMed Research International 2016The nontuberculous mycobacteria are typically environmental organisms residing in soil and water. These microorganisms can cause a wide range of clinical diseases;... (Review)
Review
The nontuberculous mycobacteria are typically environmental organisms residing in soil and water. These microorganisms can cause a wide range of clinical diseases; pulmonary disease is most frequent, followed by lymphadenitis in children, skin and soft tissue disease, and rare extra pulmonary or disseminated infections. Mycobacterium avium complex is the second most common cause of pulmonary mycobacterioses after M. tuberculosis. This review covers the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of infection caused by the members of this complex and particularities for the treatment of different disease types and patient populations.
Topics: Animals; Disease Reservoirs; Environmental Microbiology; Humans; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27556033
DOI: 10.1155/2016/4387461 -
Gastroenterologia Y Hepatologia 2024
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Male; Mycobacterium avium Complex
PubMed: 38145837
DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2023.12.010 -
Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi =... Dec 2020
Review
Topics: Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Humans; Lung Diseases; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
PubMed: 33333649
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20200922-00998 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Apr 2007The past several years have witnessed an upsurge of genomic data pertaining to the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Despite clear advances, problems with the detection... (Review)
Review
The past several years have witnessed an upsurge of genomic data pertaining to the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Despite clear advances, problems with the detection of MAC persist, spanning the tests that can be used, samples required for their validation, and the use of appropriate nomenclature. Additionally, the amount of genomic variability documented to date greatly outstrips the functional understanding of epidemiologically different subsets of the organism. In this review, we discuss how postgenomic insights into the MAC have helped to clarify the relationships between MAC organisms, highlighting the distinction between environmental and pathogenic subsets of M. avium. We discuss the availability of various genetic targets for accurate classification of organisms and how these results provide a framework for future studies of MAC variability. The results of postgenomic M. avium study provide optimism that a functional understanding of these organisms will soon emerge, with genomically defined subsets that are epidemiologically distinct and possess different survival mechanisms for their various niches. Although the status quo has largely been to study different M. avium subsets in isolation, it is expected that attention to the similarities and differences between M. avium organisms will provide greater insight into their fundamental differences, including their propensity to cause disease.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Chaperonin 60; Chaperonins; DNA Transposable Elements; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans; Mycobacterium avium; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Serotyping
PubMed: 17428883
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00036-06 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Apr 2007Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, especially pulmonary disease, is increasingly encountered by clinicians. Therapy of the most common nontuberculous mycobacterial... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease, especially pulmonary disease, is increasingly encountered by clinicians. Therapy of the most common nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogen, Mycobacterium avium complex, improved with the introduction of macrolide-containing regimens, but treatment for this and most other nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens remains difficult.
RECENT FINDINGS
Treatment trials with macrolide-containing regimens for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease have yielded generally favorable outcomes. Studies consistently show that in-vitro susceptibility to macrolides remains the only in-vitro susceptibility for Mycobacterium avium complex that correlates with in-vivo response. Patients who have macrolide-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex isolates are much harder to treat and have higher mortality than patients with macrolide-susceptible isolates. Studies also consistently show that patients who fail therapy, even those who remain macrolide susceptible in vitro, are more difficult to treat than patients without previous therapy.
SUMMARY
There have been no significant treatment advances for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease, and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in general, since the advent of the newer macrolides. It has become clear that the best opportunity for treatment success is the first treatment effort. It is also clear that protection against the emergence of macrolide-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex isolates is critically important. For further progress in the treatment of these pathogens, new and more active drugs must be developed.
Topics: Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Lung Diseases; Macrolides; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Mycobacterium kansasii; Rifabutin; Secondary Prevention
PubMed: 17496580
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328055d9a2