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Psychology of Addictive Behaviors :... Feb 2023Translational research on addictive behaviors viewed as molar behavioral allocation is critically reviewed. This work relates rates of behavior to rates of reinforcement... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Translational research on addictive behaviors viewed as molar behavioral allocation is critically reviewed. This work relates rates of behavior to rates of reinforcement over time and has been fruitfully applied to addictive behaviors, which involve excessive allocation to short-term rewards with longer term costs.
METHOD
Narrative critical review.
RESULTS
This approach distinguishes between final and efficient causes of discrete behaviors. The former refers to temporally extended behavior patterns into which the act fits. The latter refers to environmental stimuli or internal psychological mechanisms immediately preceding the act. Final causes are most clear when addictive behaviors are studied over time as a function of changing environmental circumstances. Discrete acts of addictive behavior are part of an extended/molar behavior pattern when immediate constraints on engagement are low and few rewarding alternatives are available. Research framed by efficient causes often use behavioral economic simulation tasks as individual difference variables that precede discrete acts. Such measures show higher demand for addictive commodities and steeper discounting in various risk groups, but whether they predict molar addictive behavior patterning is understudied.
CONCLUSIONS
Although efficient cause analysis has dominated translational research, research supports viewing addictive behavior as molar behavioral allocation. Increasing concern with rate variables underpinning final cause analysis and considering how study methods and temporal units of analysis inform an efficient or final cause analysis may advance understanding of addictive behaviors that occur over time in dynamic environmental contexts. This approach provides linkages between behavioral science and disciplines that study social determinants of health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Translational Research, Biomedical; Behavior, Addictive; Reinforcement, Psychology; Reward; Economics, Behavioral
PubMed: 35787099
DOI: 10.1037/adb0000845 -
Public Health Jul 2016To demonstrate that six common errors made in attempts to change behaviour have prevented the implementation of the scientific evidence base derived from psychology and...
OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate that six common errors made in attempts to change behaviour have prevented the implementation of the scientific evidence base derived from psychology and sociology; to suggest a new approach which incorporates recent developments in the behavioural sciences.
STUDY DESIGN
The role of health behaviours in the origin of the current epidemic of non-communicable disease is observed to have driven attempts to change behaviour. It is noted that most efforts to change health behaviours have had limited success. This paper suggests that in policy-making, discussions about behaviour change are subject to six common errors and that these errors have made the business of health-related behaviour change much more difficult than it needs to be.
METHODS
Overview of policy and practice attempts to change health-related behaviour.
RESULTS
The reasons why knowledge and learning about behaviour have made so little progress in alcohol, dietary and physical inactivity-related disease prevention are considered, and an alternative way of thinking about the behaviours involved is suggested. This model harnesses recent developments in the behavioural sciences.
CONCLUSION
It is important to understand the conditions preceding behaviour psychologically and sociologically and to combine psychological ideas about the automatic and reflective systems with sociological ideas about social practice.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Diet; Epidemics; Exercise; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Policy; Humans; Obesity; Psychological Theory; Sedentary Behavior; Smoking; United Kingdom
PubMed: 27184821
DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.030 -
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and... Jun 2016This systematic review is an update examining the relationships between objectively and subjectively measured sedentary behaviour and health indicators in children and... (Review)
Review
This systematic review is an update examining the relationships between objectively and subjectively measured sedentary behaviour and health indicators in children and youth aged 5-17 years. EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Medline were searched in December 2014, and date limits were imposed (≥February 2010). Included studies were peer-reviewed and met the a priori-determined population (apparently healthy children and youth, mean age: 5-17 years), intervention (durations, patterns, and types of sedentary behaviours), comparator (various durations, patterns, and types of sedentary behaviours), and outcome (critical: body composition, metabolic syndrome/cardiovascular disease risk factors, behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour, academic achievement; important: fitness, self-esteem) study criteria. Quality of evidence by outcome was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework. Due to heterogeneity, a narrative analysis was conducted. A total of 235 studies (194 unique samples) were included representing 1 657 064 unique participants from 71 different countries. Higher durations/frequencies of screen time and television (TV) viewing were associated with unfavourable body composition. Higher duration/frequency of TV viewing was also associated with higher clustered cardiometabolic risk scores. Higher durations of TV viewing and video game use were associated with unfavourable behavioural conduct/pro-social behaviour. Higher durations of reading and doing homework were associated with higher academic achievement. Higher duration of screen time was associated with lower fitness. Higher durations of screen time and computer use were associated with lower self-esteem. Evidence ranged from "very low" to "moderate" quality. Higher quality studies using reliable and valid sedentary behaviour measures should confirm this largely observational evidence.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Body Composition; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Exercise; Health Status; Humans; Metabolic Syndrome; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Physical Fitness; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Sedentary Behavior; Television
PubMed: 27306432
DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0630 -
Learning & Behavior Feb 2004Studies of the social learning of courtship behaviors and mating preferences of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) are reviewed. Earlier work has suggested that... (Review)
Review
Studies of the social learning of courtship behaviors and mating preferences of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) are reviewed. Earlier work has suggested that cowbirds from behaviorally distinct populations mate preferentially with others from the same population. Studies are described which indicate that patterns of courtship behavior that differ by population can be socially transmitted across generations are described. Social background affects male songs, female preferences for males as mates, and courtship interactions between females and males. Thus, social traditions influence mating decisions and may, ultimately, impact reproductive success in this species. Recent work on possible social mechanisms involved in the ontogeny of courtship behavior is described. The implications of these findings are discussed, and future research directions are suggested.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Animal Communication; Animals; Female; Imitative Behavior; Imprinting, Psychological; Learning; Male; Psychological Theory; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Environment; Social Facilitation; Songbirds; Vocalization, Animal
PubMed: 15161147
DOI: 10.3758/bf03196013 -
Nature Human Behaviour Nov 2020Human and animal behaviour exhibits complex but regular patterns over time, often referred to as expressions of personality. Yet it remains unclear what personality... (Review)
Review
Human and animal behaviour exhibits complex but regular patterns over time, often referred to as expressions of personality. Yet it remains unclear what personality really is: is it just the behavioural patterns themselves, something in the brain, in the genes or perhaps all of these? Here we offer a set of causal hypotheses about the role of personality, integrating psychological and neuroscientific approaches to personality in a testable framework. These hypotheses clarify the causal and constitutive relations that personality has with genes, environment, brain, mind and behaviour, and we suggest specific experiments that can adjudicate amongst the different hypotheses. We focus on a set of models that propose that personality is instantiated in the brain, distally caused by genes and environment and, in turn, causing the overt behaviours from which it is often inferred. We argue that articulating and testing such models will be essential in a mature science of personality.
Topics: Behavior; Brain; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Personality
PubMed: 33173199
DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-00989-3 -
PloS One 2023Tourist impact management in ecotourism destinations requires an accurate description of tourists' spatiotemporal behavior patterns and recreation preferences to...
Spatiotemporal behavior pattern differentiation and preference identification of tourists from the perspective of ecotourism destination based on the tourism digital footprint data.
Tourist impact management in ecotourism destinations requires an accurate description of tourists' spatiotemporal behavior patterns and recreation preferences to minimize the ecological environmental impact and maximize the recreation experience. This study classified tourist behaviors into five typical behavior patterns based on the digital footprints of tourists visiting Ziwuyu of the Qinling Mountains, including 348 traveling tracks and 750 corresponding geotagged photographs: short-distance, traversing, reentrant, large loop, and small loop. Furthermore, each behavior pattern's recreation preference was identified using photograph analysis. Tourists with large-loop and reentrant behavior patterns have 89.8% and 30% chances of visiting Jianshanding, respectively. Key protected areas are faced with the risk of ecological environmental damage. Based on the behavior pattern differentiation and preference of tourists, this paper provides a decision-making basis for the classified management and guidance of tourists in ecotourism destinations. It has reference value for the management of similar ecotourism destinations.
Topics: Tourism; Environment; Travel; Habits
PubMed: 37115762
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285192 -
Behavioural Brain Research Aug 2002The elevated plus-maze test (PM) and open-field test (OF) are routinely used to study anxiety-related behaviour in mouse. However, the data obtained with these tests... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The elevated plus-maze test (PM) and open-field test (OF) are routinely used to study anxiety-related behaviour in mouse. However, the data obtained with these tests have often been contradictory, probably because of differences between laboratories in the selection and analysis of behavioural parameters. We have characterised the pattern of mouse anxiety by analysing a number of behavioural parameters with both PM and OF in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, two behaviourally distant mouse strains. Twenty-eight variables (15 analysed with PM and 13 with OF) were selected by correlation analysis from those initially recorded with both tests. The scores of the selected variables were first analysed by MANOVAs, and then by principal component analysis (PCA). PCA extracted five factors for PM and four factors for OF. These factors were subjected to a correlation analysis, which showed significant correlation between four of them. The factorial scores of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were analysed by MANOVAs, which showed significant effects of both the strain and test used. Our results confirm the multidimensional structure of mouse anxiety-related behaviour as regards both simple components and functional interactions, and comprehensively represent strain- and test-specific features of mouse anxiety-related behaviour.
Topics: Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Environment; Exploratory Behavior; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Activity; Multivariate Analysis
PubMed: 12191791
DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00452-1 -
Ostomy/wound Management Mar 1997Lack of compliance in prevention and treatment of illness and disease continues to perplex healthcare practitioners. Sixty percent of patients take their medications... (Review)
Review
Lack of compliance in prevention and treatment of illness and disease continues to perplex healthcare practitioners. Sixty percent of patients take their medications incorrectly. Patients miss appointments, they do not follow up with treatments, and many times require an avoidable hospitalization directly related to health defeating behaviours. Many healthcare clinicians believe the reason for this could be issues such as basic intellectual level, convenience, cost, side effects, or one's value system. However, these may not be the only factors in lack of compliance. The purpose of this paper is to discuss powerlessness as a factor in health defeating behaviors. Powerlessness as a Third World behavior will be described in detail along with methods to identify these behavioral patterns. Paternalism will be described as a threat to Third World groups and their healthcare. An increased awareness and sensitivity to the needs of this special group may improve health promoting behaviors. The LEARN Model will be discussed as a framework for empowering otherwise powerless individuals and groups through improved communication and understanding.
Topics: Communication; Health Behavior; Humans; Internal-External Control; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Psychological; Nurse-Patient Relations; Power, Psychological; Transcultural Nursing; Treatment Refusal
PubMed: 9136996
DOI: No ID Found -
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society Feb 2023Changing consumer behaviour has potential benefits for health, the economy and the environment. Change is possible, and behavioural change has been the purpose of much... (Review)
Review
Changing consumer behaviour has potential benefits for health, the economy and the environment. Change is possible, and behavioural change has been the purpose of much research; nevertheless we can still observe limited success, as in the case of food in public policies or individual diets. One reason is that models driving behavioural change interventions tend to neglect some important contextual factors. The three layers of components that channel behaviour ('installations' in the material, embodied and social realms) are described here and how this channelling can be hacked, modified and leveraged to foster behavioural change. Installations scaffold and control individual and collective behaviour at each step of the behavioural path with their three-layered and partly redundant structure. This redundancy makes the channelling resilient enough to train novices and to guide and repair behaviour. The three layers, physical affordances, embodied competences and social regulation are described in detail. To change eating behaviour, installations must be adapted at all steps of behaviour, from procurement to storage, preparation, meal and disposal. This adaptation can be done through the various layers in an opportunistic way, according to the agency of those who endeavour to change behaviour (e.g. budget, time, political power, etc.) Finally the steps necessary to design behavioural change interventions leveraging installations are listed.
Topics: Humans; Consumer Behavior; Diet; Feeding Behavior
PubMed: 36524548
DOI: 10.1017/S0029665122002877 -
Psychiatria Polska 2016In spite of a hundred year long history of scientific research compulsive buying has been a hardly known phenomenon until today. Ambiguous scientific information makes... (Review)
Review
In spite of a hundred year long history of scientific research compulsive buying has been a hardly known phenomenon until today. Ambiguous scientific information makes it impossible to classify compulsive buying as a separate mental disorder. Recently many researchers have noticed phenomenological compatibility of compulsive buying with behavioural addictions. Nowadays, there is reasonable grounds that compulsive buying disorder can be defined as an addiction. There are many similarities occurring between a consumer type behaviours in compulsive buyers and a pathologic consumption of psychoactive substances which included the obsessive need to consumer or a compulsion to consume, personal dependence and loss of control over self-behaviour, as well as tendencies to the consumption increase. Compulsive buying disorder differs in its course from the compulsive behaviours. A strong compulsion to make a given activity, often impossible to restrain is associated with overwhelming but acceptable desire to purchase a specific item. Due to the latest information about the described phenomenon, it has been decided to present current knowledge of adequate classifications, epidemiology and therapy of compulsive buyers. In the article authors' own standpoint as regards pathogenesis and potential risk factors was described.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Commerce; Consumer Behavior; Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders; Female; Humans; Male
PubMed: 27086335
DOI: 10.12740/PP/44010