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International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2019Depression has become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders and endangers the health of living beings all over the world. In order to explore the molecular... (Review)
Review
Depression has become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders and endangers the health of living beings all over the world. In order to explore the molecular mechanism that underlies depression, different kinds of animal models of depression are used in laboratory experiments. However, a credible and reasonable animal model that is capable of imitating the pathologic mechanism of depression in mankind has yet to be found, resulting in a barrier to further investigation of depression. Nevertheless, it is possible to explain the pathologic mechanism of depression to a great extent by a rational modeling method and behavioral testing. This review aims to provide a reference for researchers by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of some common animal depression models.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Disease Models, Animal; Humans
PubMed: 31569393
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194827 -
Cell Aug 2020The brain is a site of relative immune privilege. Although CD4 T cells have been reported in the central nervous system, their presence in the healthy brain remains...
The brain is a site of relative immune privilege. Although CD4 T cells have been reported in the central nervous system, their presence in the healthy brain remains controversial, and their function remains largely unknown. We used a combination of imaging, single cell, and surgical approaches to identify a CD69 CD4 T cell population in both the mouse and human brain, distinct from circulating CD4 T cells. The brain-resident population was derived through in situ differentiation from activated circulatory cells and was shaped by self-antigen and the peripheral microbiome. Single-cell sequencing revealed that in the absence of murine CD4 T cells, resident microglia remained suspended between the fetal and adult states. This maturation defect resulted in excess immature neuronal synapses and behavioral abnormalities. These results illuminate a role for CD4 T cells in brain development and a potential interconnected dynamic between the evolution of the immunological and neurological systems. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte; Behavior Rating Scale; Blood Cells; Brain; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Child; Female; Fetus; Humans; Lectins, C-Type; Lung; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Microglia; Middle Aged; Neurogenesis; Parabiosis; Pyramidal Cells; Single-Cell Analysis; Spleen; Synapses; Transcriptome
PubMed: 32702313
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.026 -
Biology Apr 2022A variety of aquatic training regimens have been found to be beneficial for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in multiple domains. This study investigated...
A variety of aquatic training regimens have been found to be beneficial for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in multiple domains. This study investigated and compared the efficacy of two aquatic training regimens (technical vs. game-based) on gross motor skills, stereotypy behavior and emotion regulation in children with ASD. Twenty-two autistic children were randomly assigned into three groups: two experimental groups performed either a technical aquatic program or a game-based aquatic program and a control group. Participants were assessed before and after an 8-week training period, with the Test of Gross Motor Development, the stereotypy subscale of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, and the Emotion Regulation Checklist. A significant effect for time was found in gross motor skills and stereotypy behavior in both experimental groups. An improvement in gross motor skills was observed in both experimental groups compared to the control group. A small pre-post change effect in emotion functioning was found in all groups. No significant differences were observed between the experimental groups in all assessed variables. Our findings provide additional evidence suggesting the effectiveness of beneficial effects of aquatic activities on the motor and social skills that underpin the hypothesis that motor and intellectual domains are highly interrelated in autistic children.
PubMed: 35625385
DOI: 10.3390/biology11050657 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Oct 2021Dental anxiety distresses children and their families with consequent poor oral health and costly pediatric dental services. Children's behaviors could be modified using... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
Dental anxiety distresses children and their families with consequent poor oral health and costly pediatric dental services. Children's behaviors could be modified using a distraction technique for improved dental treatment. The study evaluates the effects of an audio-visual distraction on children's behaviors and pain expressions during dental treatment.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
One hundred healthy children, between 4 and 6 years of age, were randomly assigned to one of two groups: audio visual distraction (AVD, N = 61) group and control (CTR, N = 39) group. The pre and post pain expression was collected using a faces pain rating scale from the participated children. Children's behavior was evaluated using the Frankl behavior rating scale by the assigned dentist. Data was analyzed using chi-squared tests and analysis of variance.
RESULTS
The AVD group demonstrated more "definitely positive" behavior (91.8%) compared to the CTR group (35.9%) based on the Frankl scale evaluation from pre- and post-treatment (p < 0.0001). The pain rating scale did not demonstrate a significant difference in post-treatment pain scales (p = 0.2073) or changes in pain (p = 0.1532) between the AVD group and CTR group.
CONCLUSIONS
The AVD is an effective distraction tool for young children during dental treatment regardless of child's subjective pain expression.
Topics: Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Humans; Pain; Pain Measurement
PubMed: 33622030
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.407 -
American Family Physician Nov 2020Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a multidimensional chronic neurodevelopmental condition that affects 8.4% of U.S. children between two and 17 years of...
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a multidimensional chronic neurodevelopmental condition that affects 8.4% of U.S. children between two and 17 years of age and may pose long-term morbidity if untreated. The evaluation for ADHD begins when parents or caregivers present to primary care physicians with concerns about behavior problems or poor school or social function. A comprehensive history and physical examination should assess for comorbid or other conditions that can mimic ADHD. The combination of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., criteria and validated screening tools completed by parents, teachers, or other adults can aid in establishing the diagnosis. The goals of treatment include symptom reduction and improved social and cognitive function. Psychosocial interventions are the recommended first-line treatment for preschool children (four to five years) and can improve overall function when used as an adjunct therapy in elementary school children (six to 11 years of age) and adolescents (12 to 17 years of age). Stimulant medications are well-established as an effective treatment for reducing symptoms of ADHD in elementary school children and adolescents. Nonstimulant medications are less effective but reasonable as adjunct or alternative therapy when stimulants are ineffective or not tolerated. Regular follow-up is key in the management of ADHD and should assess symptoms, overall function, presence of comorbidities, adverse effects of treatment, and medication use.
Topics: Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Behavior Rating Scale; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Checklist; Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Parents; Psychosocial Intervention; School Teachers
PubMed: 33179887
DOI: No ID Found -
Comprehensive Psychiatry Jul 2019The aim of this study is to investigate parental attitudes, perceived social support, emotion regulation and the accompanying psychiatric disorders seen in adolescents...
AIM
The aim of this study is to investigate parental attitudes, perceived social support, emotion regulation and the accompanying psychiatric disorders seen in adolescents who, having been diagnosed with Internet Addiction (IA), were referred to an outpatient child and adolescent psychiatric clinic.
METHODS
Of 176 adolescents aged 12-17, 40 were included in the study group. These scored 80 or higher on Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and met Young's diagnostic criteria for IA based on psychiatric interviews. Forty adolescents who matched them in terms of age, gender and socio-economic level were included in the control group. The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS-PL), the Parenting Style Scale (PSS), the Lum Emotional Availabilty of Parents (LEAP), the Social Support Appraisals Scale for Children (SSAS-C), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) were applied.
RESULTS
The results showed that the parents of adolescents with IA were more frequently inadequate in acceptance/involvement, supervision/monitoring and they had less emotional availability. The adolescents with IA had less perceived social support, greater difficulty in the identification and verbal expression of their feelings and emotion regulation. Lower parental strictness/supervision, higher alexithymia and the existence of an anxiety disorder were found to be significant predictors of IA. Internet addicted adolescents with comorbid major depressive disorder had higher levels of alexithymia and lower levels of emotional availability in their parents.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that strategies for the prevention and treatment of IA in adolescents should focus on improving the quality of parenting parent-adolescent relationships, enhancing perceived social support and emotion regulation while reducing the associated psychiatric symptoms in adolescents.
Topics: Adolescent; Affective Symptoms; Anxiety Disorders; Behavior, Addictive; Case-Control Studies; Child; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder, Major; Emotional Regulation; Female; Humans; Internet; Male; Parenting; Parents; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Social Support; Turkey
PubMed: 31003724
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.03.003 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2020Plastic pollution is a growing global emergency and it could serve as a geological indicator of the Anthropocene era. Microplastics are potentially more hazardous than...
Nanoplastics Cause Neurobehavioral Impairments, Reproductive and Oxidative Damages, and Biomarker Responses in Zebrafish: Throwing up Alarms of Wide Spread Health Risk of Exposure.
Plastic pollution is a growing global emergency and it could serve as a geological indicator of the Anthropocene era. Microplastics are potentially more hazardous than macroplastics, as the former can permeate biological membranes. The toxicity of microplastic exposure on humans and aquatic organisms has been documented, but the toxicity and behavioral changes of nanoplastics (NPs) in mammals are scarce. In spite of their small size, nanoplastics have an enormous surface area, which bears the potential to bind even bigger amounts of toxic compounds in comparison to microplastics. Here, we used polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) (diameter size at ~70 nm) to investigate the neurobehavioral alterations, tissue distribution, accumulation, and specific health risk of nanoplastics in adult zebrafish. The results demonstrated that PS-NPs accumulated in gonads, intestine, liver, and brain with a tissue distribution pattern that was greatly dependent on the size and shape of the NPs particle. Importantly, an analysis of multiple behavior endpoints and different biochemical biomarkers evidenced that PS-NPs exposure induced disturbance of lipid and energy metabolism as well as oxidative stress and tissue accumulation. Pronounced behavior alterations in their locomotion activity, aggressiveness, shoal formation, and predator avoidance behavior were exhibited by the high concentration of the PS-NPs group, along with the dysregulated circadian rhythm locomotion activity after its chronic exposure. Moreover, several important neurotransmitter biomarkers for neurotoxicity investigation were significantly altered after one week of PS-NPs exposure and these significant changes may indicate the potential toxicity from PS-NPs exposure. In addition, after ~1-month incubation, the fluorescence spectroscopy results revealed the accumulation and distribution of PS-NPs across zebrafish tissues, especially in gonads, which would possibly further affect fish reproductive function. Overall, our results provided new evidence for the adverse consequences of PS-NPs-induced behavioral dysregulation and changes at the molecular level that eventually reduce the survival fitness of zebrafish in the ecosystem.
Topics: Aggression; Animals; Behavior Rating Scale; Behavior, Animal; Biomarkers; Brain; Circadian Rhythm; Ecosystem; Energy Metabolism; Gonads; Intestines; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Muscles; Nanoparticles; Neurotransmitter Agents; Oxidative Stress; Polystyrenes; Risk Assessment; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Tissue Distribution; Water Pollution; Zebrafish
PubMed: 32093039
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041410 -
Globalization and Health Apr 2021To explore the influences of digital media use on the core symptoms, emotional state, life events, learning motivation, executive function (EF) and family environment of...
OBJECTIVE
To explore the influences of digital media use on the core symptoms, emotional state, life events, learning motivation, executive function (EF) and family environment of children and adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
METHOD
A total of 192 participants aged 8-16 years who met the diagnostic criteria for ADHD were included in the study. Children scoring higher than predetermined cut-off point in self-rating questionnaires for problematic mobile phone use (SQPMPU) or Young's internet addiction test (IAT), were defined as ADHD with problematic digital media use (PDMU), otherwise were defined as ADHD without PDMU. The differences between the two groups in ADHD symptoms, EF, anxiety and depression, stress from life events, learning motivation and family environment were compared respectively.
RESULTS
When compared with ADHD group without PDMU, the group with PDMU showed significant worse symptoms of inattention, oppositional defiant, behavior and emotional problems by Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale (SNAP), more self-reported anxiety by screening child anxiety-related emotional disorders (SCARED) and depression by depression self-rating scale for children (DSRSC), more severe EF deficits by behavior rating scale of executive function (BRIEF), more stress from life events by adolescent self-rating life events checklist (ASLEC), lower learning motivation by students learning motivation scale (SLMS), and more impairment on cohesion by Chinese version of family environment scale (FES-CV). The ADHD with PDMU group spent significantly more time on both video game and social media with significantly less time spend on physical exercise as compared to the ADHD without PDMU group.
CONCLUSION
The ADHD children with PDMU suffered from more severe core symptoms, negative emotions, EF deficits, damage on family environment, pressure from life events, and a lower motivation to learn. Supervision of digital media usage, especially video game and social media, along with increased physical exercise, is essential to the management of core symptoms and associated problems encountered with ADHD.
Topics: Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; COVID-19; Child; China; Female; Humans; Internet; Internet Addiction Disorder; Male; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33874977
DOI: 10.1186/s12992-021-00699-z -
Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish... 2020Psychosocial approaches including occupational therapeutic interventions constitute an important part of mental health treatments. This research was planned to... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
Psychosocial approaches including occupational therapeutic interventions constitute an important part of mental health treatments. This research was planned to investigate the effects of individualized life skills training on the functionality of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.
METHOD
A total of 32 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia were assigned randomly to the study (n=15) and the control groups (n=17). The participants were evaluated with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for symptom severity, the Clinical Global Impression Scale for illness severity and improvement and response to treatment, the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living and the Lawton - Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale for adequacy of performance of basic activities and tasks of daily living, the Functioning Assessment Short Test and Social Functioning Scale for assessing the level of functionality before and after the scheduled interventions for both groups. The control group received a singlesession awareness training to increase independence in daily living activities and the study group received individualized life skills training in 2 sessions per week for 8 weeks (=16 sessions).
RESULTS
At the end of the research program, improvements were observed in the negative symptoms, general psychopathology, severity of illness and independence in basic and instrumental activities of daily living and functioning in the study group as compared to the control group.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the obtained results, we believe that the individualized life skills training may be an effective therapeutic method for the rehabilitation of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. The results of our study should be supported by long-term follow-up studies.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Behavior Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32594479
DOI: 10.5080/u23723