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Current Drug Discovery Technologies 2016Drug development is originally carried out on a trial and error basis and it is cost-prohibitive. To minimize the trial and error risks, drug design is needed. One of...
Drug development is originally carried out on a trial and error basis and it is cost-prohibitive. To minimize the trial and error risks, drug design is needed. One of the compound development processes to get a new drug is by designing a structure modification of the mother compound whose activities are recognized. A substitution of the mother compounds alters the physicochemical properties: lipophilic, electronic and steric properties. In Indonesia, one of medical treatments to cure cancer is through chemotherapy and hydroxyurea. Some derivatives, phenylthiourea, phenylurea, benzoylurea, thiourea and benzoylphenylurea, have been found to be anticancer drug candidates. To predict the activity of the drug compound before it is synthesized, the in-silico test is required. From the test, Rerank Score which is the energy of interaction between the receptor and the ligand molecule is then obtained. Hydroxyurea derivatives were synthesized by modifying Schotten-Baumann's method by the addition of benzoyl group and its homologs resulted in the increase of lipophilic, electronic and steric properties, and cytotoxic activity. Synthesized compounds were 1-(benzoyloxy)urea and its derivatives. Structure characterization was obtained by the spectrum of UV, IR, H NMR, C NMR and Mass Spectrometer. Anticancer activity was carried out using MTT method on HeLa cells. The Quantitative Structure-Cytotoxic Activity Relationships of 1-(benzoyloxy)urea compound and its derivatives was calculated using SPSS. The chemical structure was described, namely: ClogP, π, σ, RS, CMR and Es; while, the cytotoxic activity was indicated by log (1 / IC50). The results show that the best equation of Quantitative Structure-Cytotoxic Activity Relationships (QSAR) of 1- (benzoyloxy)urea compound and its derivatives is Log 1/IC50 = - 0.205 (+ 0.068) σ - 0.051 (+ 0.022) Es - 1.911 (+ 0.020).
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Survival; HeLa Cells; Humans; Molecular Structure; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; Urea
PubMed: 27222144
DOI: 10.2174/1570163813666160525112327 -
Insect Biochemistry and Molecular... Apr 2024Compounds classified as benzoylphenylurea (BPU), such as diflubenzuron (DFB), are used as insecticides. Although BPU disrupts molting by inhibiting chitin biosynthesis...
Compounds classified as benzoylphenylurea (BPU), such as diflubenzuron (DFB), are used as insecticides. Although BPU disrupts molting by inhibiting chitin biosynthesis and exhibits insecticidal activity, their exact mode of action remains unknown. Since epidermal cells proliferate and morphologically change from squamous to columnar cells during the early stages of insect molting, we speculate that a transition similar to that from epithelium to mesenchyme occurs and that BPU may inhibit this transition. Here, we addressed this possibility. We found that DFB decreases actin expression in insect cells (the tissue cultures of insect integument). Detailed analysis in Schneider S2 cells reveals that DFB inhibits the expression of actin isoforms (Act5C and Act42A) and the Drosophila ortholog of myocardin-related transcription factor (Mrtf), leading to cell growth suppression. Proteomics identified the Drosophila ortholog of prohibitin (Phb1D and Phb2E) as one of the DFB-binding proteins. DFB inhibits the interaction between Phb1D and Phb2E and induces mitochondrial dysfunction. The knock-down of Phb2E suppresses the expression of Act5C, Act42A, and Mrtf, leading to cell growth inhibition. Thus, the disruption of Phb function is a possible novel target of DFB.
Topics: Animals; Diflubenzuron; Actins; Insecticides; Drosophila
PubMed: 38342197
DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104088 -
Journal of Pesticide Science Feb 2021Benzoylphenylureas (BPUs) were discovered as novel type insecticides about a half century ago; many analogs have been launched as insecticides and acaricides. BPUs are...
Benzoylphenylureas (BPUs) were discovered as novel type insecticides about a half century ago; many analogs have been launched as insecticides and acaricides. BPUs are known to inhibit chitin synthesis in insects and other arthropods, but they have no effect against microorganisms such as fungi. We designed new chitin synthesis inhibitors based on the hypothesis that biomolecules that play important roles in cellulose and chitin biosynthesis are similar. In the full automatic modeling system (FAMS), the cellulose synthase was selected as a template three-dimensional structure. Thus, we focused on the structure of cellulose synthase inhibitor, isoxaben, to develop new chemistry. The 1,1-diethylethyl [-C(CH)(CHCH)] group of isoxaben was changed to a 4-substituted phenyl group bearing Cl, Et, or Ph. These compounds significantly inhibited chitin synthesis in the cultured integument of the rice stem borer . The activity of the 4-ethylphenyl analog was enhanced 30-fold by adding piperonyl butoxide to the culture medium.
PubMed: 33746554
DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.D20-076 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2019Fluazuron is one of the newest veterinary antitick medicines. Belonging to the benzoylphenylureas group, its mechanism of action acts by the interference of the...
Fluazuron is one of the newest veterinary antitick medicines. Belonging to the benzoylphenylureas group, its mechanism of action acts by the interference of the formation of the chitin of the tick, which is responsible for the hardening of its exoskeletons. In addition to taking care of the health of the animal so that it receives the medication in the doses and the correct form, it is important to analyze the safety of the operator. Reduced resistance to infectious disease was a well-documented consequence of primary and acquired immunodeficiencies, but a novel finding following xenobiotic exposure. The awareness of the consequences of altered immune function is the most likely outcome of inadvertent exposure. The human health implications of studies in which chemical exposure reduced resistance to infection drove an early focus on immunosuppression within the toxicology community. The main objective is to perform the evaluation by computational platforms and in cell culture, searching for data that can serve as a foundation for a better understanding of the toxic effects involved with the accidental contamination of Fluazuron and, thus, to assist the medical community and users to understand the risks inherent in its use. As far as we can determine in the literature, our work has unmistakably demonstrated that the Fluazuron can cause genotoxicity by probable chromatin rearrangement and immunodepleting by specific reduction of the CD8 T lymphocyte subpopulation, mediated by the decrease in gamma interferon production. Although the use of Fluazuron is a necessity for tick control and for cattle management, we must bear in mind that the imminent risks to its application exist. Careless use can damage the immune system which in turn carries a gigantic hazard by opening a door to diseases and pathogens and leaving us defenseless.
PubMed: 31205477
DOI: 10.1155/2019/2815461 -
Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jan 2015The title compound (systematic name: 1-{3,5-di-chloro-4-[3-chloro-5-(tri-fluoro-meth-yl)pyridin-2-yl-oxy]phen-yl}-3-(2,6-difluoro-benzo-yl)urea), C20H9Cl3F5N3O3, is a...
The title compound (systematic name: 1-{3,5-di-chloro-4-[3-chloro-5-(tri-fluoro-meth-yl)pyridin-2-yl-oxy]phen-yl}-3-(2,6-difluoro-benzo-yl)urea), C20H9Cl3F5N3O3, is a benzoyl-phenyl-urea insecticide. The dihedral angles between the planes of the central di-chloro-phenyl and the terminal di-fluoro-phenyl and chloro-pyridyl rings are 79.51 (6) and 78.84 6)°, respectively. In the crystal, pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link adjacent mol-ecules, forming R 2 (2)(8) inversion dimers. In addition, the dimers are linked by short F⋯Cl [3.1060 (16) Å] and Cl⋯Cl [3.2837 (7) Å] contacts, as well as weak inter-molecular π-π inter-actions [ring centroid separation = 3.6100 (11) and 3.7764 (13) Å], resulting in a two-dimensional architecture parallel to (111).
PubMed: 25705506
DOI: 10.1107/S2056989014026632 -
Heliyon Jul 2019The aim of this work was to synthesize and characterize the inclusion compounds formed by the complexation of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) with insecticides from the class of...
The aim of this work was to synthesize and characterize the inclusion compounds formed by the complexation of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) with insecticides from the class of benzoylphenylureas (BPUs), named novaluron (NOV) and diflubenzuron (DIF), beyond evaluate their larvicidal activity against larvae. Solid state characterization by FTIR showed changes in the main peaks of BPUs and βCD, suggesting the formation of inclusion compounds in solid phase. DTA and TGA thermal analysis showed changes in temperatures of BPUs decomposition as result of molecular interactions. H NMR experiments allowed to observe the occurrence of interactions in solution through changes in chemical shifts of BPUs aromatic hydrogens. However, the presence of H-H intermolecular correlations in 2D ROESY was found only for the DIF/βCD complex, suggesting different topology for each complex. Such hypothesis was corroborated by thermodynamic analysis using ITC, which showed different profile of titration curves, beyond endothermic and exothermic interactions for NOV/βCD and DIF/βCD complexes, respectively. DLS titrations of BPUs or BPUs/βCD DMSO solutions in aqueous solution demonstrated that the spontaneously formed hydrophobic nanoprecipitates (HNPs) have different profile of sizes depending on the BPU/βCD system, corroborating also with the hypothesis about the existence of different topologies for each complex. Finally, the HNPs of inclusion compounds showed to be more efficient than free BPUs, allowing proposing a new insecticide formulation.
PubMed: 31321326
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02013