-
Scientific Reports Apr 2016Deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystals are of great importance as key materials in generating coherent light with wavelength below 200 nm through cascaded...
Deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystals are of great importance as key materials in generating coherent light with wavelength below 200 nm through cascaded frequency conversion of solid-state lasers. However, the solely usable crystal in practice, KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF), is still commercially unavailable because of the high toxicity of beryllium-containing and the extreme difficulty of crystal growth. Here, we report the crystal growth and characteristics of an beryllium-free polyphosphate, KLa(PO3)4. Centimeter-sized single crystals have been easily obtained by the flux method and slow-cooling technique. The second-harmonic generation efficiency of KLa(PO3)4 powder is 0.7 times that of KH2PO4; moreover, the KLa(PO3)4 crystal is phase-matchable. Remarkably, the KLa(PO3)4 crystal exhibits an absorption edge of 162 nm, which is the shortest among phase-matchable phosphates so far. These attributes make KLa(PO3)4 a possible deep-ultraviolet nonlinear optical crystal. An analysis of the dipole moments of the polyhedra and theoretical calculations by density functional theory were made to elucidate the structure-properties relationships of KLa(PO3)4.
PubMed: 27126353
DOI: 10.1038/srep25201 -
The American Journal of Pathology May 1948
Topics: Beryllium; Humans; Pneumoconiosis
PubMed: 18938517
DOI: No ID Found -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021To investigate the growth kinetics of the reaction layer and mechanical strength of joined materials, we joined beryllium and reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic...
To investigate the growth kinetics of the reaction layer and mechanical strength of joined materials, we joined beryllium and reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic steel (F82H) by plasma sintering under various conditions and characterized the joined region. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the thickness of the reaction layer increased with an increase in the joining time and temperature. Line analyses and elemental mapping using an electron microprobe analyser showed that the reaction layer consists of Be-Fe intermetallic compounds, including BeFe, BeFe, and BeFe, with small amounts of chromium and tungsten. Owing to the time and temperature dependence of the reaction-layer thickness, the layer growth of Be-Fe intermetallic compounds obeys the parabolic law, and the activation energy for the reaction-layer growth was 116.2 kJ/mol. The bonding strengths of the joined materials varied inversely with the thickness of the reaction layer.
PubMed: 34771874
DOI: 10.3390/ma14216348 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Oct 1996With the advent of in vitro immunologic testing, we can now detect exposed individuals who are sensitized to beryllium and those who have chronic beryllium disease (CBD)... (Review)
Review
With the advent of in vitro immunologic testing, we can now detect exposed individuals who are sensitized to beryllium and those who have chronic beryllium disease (CBD) with lung pathology and impairment. Earlier detection and more accurate diagnostic tools raise new questions about the natural history of sensitization and granulomatous disease. Preliminary data suggest that early detection identifies people who are sensitized to beryllium and that these individuals are at risk for progressing into clinical disease. This article discusses the historical, recent, and ongoing studies germane to our understanding of CBD natural history, including the immunologic and inflammatory basis of the disease, the environmental and host risk factors for disease progression, biological markers of disease severity and activity that may help predict outcome, and the implications for broad-based workplace screening to identify patients at the earliest stages of beryllium sensitization and disease.
Topics: Berylliosis; Beryllium; Chronic Disease; Humans
PubMed: 8933038
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.96104s5937 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Mar 1955
Topics: Berylliosis; Humans; Poisoning
PubMed: 14371570
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal May 1956
Topics: Berylliosis; Humans; Poisoning
PubMed: 13316118
DOI: No ID Found -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022As it is known, beryllium bronze, an important copper alloy, is widely used in the field of aerospace. Since the performance of domestic and imported beryllium bronze...
As it is known, beryllium bronze, an important copper alloy, is widely used in the field of aerospace. Since the performance of domestic and imported beryllium bronze alloys have obvious differences, domestic beryllium bronze QBe2.0 and imported C17200 alloy were adopted, and the hardness and tensile properties of imported and domestic beryllium bronze alloys in the peak aging state were compared and analyzed. In addition, the microstructure morphologies of the C17200 alloy and QBe2.0 alloy were analyzed by SEM, EBSD, and TEM. This study adopted a data-driven exploration approach to elaborate the differences between C17200 and QBe2.0 alloy. After aging at 300 °C for 2 h (peak aging), the tensile strengths of the C17200 alloy and QBe2.0 alloy were 1357 MPa and 1309 MPa, the yield strengths were 1195 MPa and 1188 MPa, and the elongations were 5.5% and 4.0%, respectively. In the peak-aged state, the grain size, uniformity, small angle grain boundary, and twin density of the C17200 alloy were much better than those of the QBe2.0 alloy, which led to more significant grain refinement and twin strengthening effects. A large amount of γ' phase, γ phase, and β phase were precipitated in both alloys, but the precipitation density of the γ' strengthening phase in the C17200 alloy was much greater than that of the QBe2.0 alloy. The C17200 alloy exhibited better mechanical properties under the combined effects of the various strengthening mechanisms, which provided a guideline for the subsequent improvement of domestic alloys and laid a solid foundation for the development of new copper alloys.
PubMed: 35407905
DOI: 10.3390/ma15072570 -
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Nov 2011Beryllium sensitisation (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) are caused by exposure to beryllium with susceptibility affected by at least one well-studied genetic...
OBJECTIVES
Beryllium sensitisation (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) are caused by exposure to beryllium with susceptibility affected by at least one well-studied genetic host factor, a glutamic acid residue at position 69 (E69) of the HLA-DPβ chain (DPβE69). However, the nature of the relationship between exposure and carriage of the DPβE69 genotype has not been well studied. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between DPβE69 and exposure in BeS and CBD.
METHODS
Current and former workers (n=181) from a US nuclear weapons production facility, the Y-12 National Security Complex (Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA), were enrolled in a case-control study including 35 individuals with BeS and 19 with CBD. HLA-DPB1 genotypes were determined by PCR-SSP. Beryllium exposures were assessed through worker interviews and industrial hygiene assessment of work tasks.
RESULTS
After removing the confounding effect of potential beryllium exposure at another facility, multivariate models showed a sixfold (OR 6.06, 95% CI 1.96 to 18.7) increased odds for BeS and CBD combined among DPβE69 carriers and a fourfold (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.43 to 11.0) increased odds for those exposed over an assigned lifetime-weighted average exposure of 0.1 μg/m(3). Those with both risk factors had higher increased odds (OR 24.1, 95% CI 4.77 to 122).
CONCLUSION
DPβE69 carriage and high exposure to beryllium appear to contribute individually to the development of BeS and CBD. Among workers at a beryllium-using facility, the magnitude of risk associated with either elevated beryllium exposure or carriage of DPβE69 alone appears to be similar.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Berylliosis; Beryllium; Case-Control Studies; Female; HLA-DP beta-Chains; Humans; Industry; Male; Middle Aged; Nuclear Weapons; Occupational Exposure; Risk Factors
PubMed: 21460389
DOI: 10.1136/oem.2010.064220 -
Biometals : An International Journal on... Feb 2011During the last decade, there have been concerted efforts to reduce beryllium (Be) exposure in the workplace and thereby reduce potential cases of this occupational lung... (Review)
Review
During the last decade, there have been concerted efforts to reduce beryllium (Be) exposure in the workplace and thereby reduce potential cases of this occupational lung disorder. Despite these efforts, it is estimated that there are at least one million Be-exposed individuals in the U.S. who are potentially at risk for developing chronic beryllium disease (CBD). Previously, we reviewed the current CBD literature and proposed that CBD represents a model interaction between innate and acquired immunity (Sawyer et al., Int Immunopharmacol 2:249-261, 2002). We closed this review with a section on "future directions" that identified key gaps in our understanding of the pathogenesis of CBD. In the intervening period, progress has been made to fill in some of these gaps, and the current review will provide an update on that progress. Based on recent findings, we provide a new hypothesis to explain how Be drives sustained chronic inflammation and granuloma formation in CBD leading to progressive compromised lung function in CBD patients. This paradigm has direct implications for our understanding of the development of an immune response to Be, but is also likely applicable to other immune-mediated lung diseases of known and unknown etiology.
Topics: Animals; Berylliosis; Beryllium; Chronic Disease; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Models, Immunological
PubMed: 20981472
DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9376-3 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Aug 2000In recent years the greatest progress in our understanding of pneumoconioses, other than those produced by asbestos, silica, and coal, has been in the arena of... (Review)
Review
In recent years the greatest progress in our understanding of pneumoconioses, other than those produced by asbestos, silica, and coal, has been in the arena of metal-induced parenchymal lung disorders. Inhalation of metal dusts and fumes can induce a wide range of lung pathology, including airways disorders, cancer, and parenchymal diseases. The emphasis of this update is on parenchymal diseases caused by metal inhalation, including granulomatous disease, giant cell interstitial pneumonitis, chemical pneumonitis, and interstitial fibrosis, among others. The clinical characteristics, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of disorders arising from exposure to aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, mercury, and nickel are presented in detail. Metal fume fever, an inhalation fever syndrome attributed to exposure to a number of metals, is also discussed. Advances in our knowledge of antigen-specific immunologic reactions in the lung are particularly evident in disorders secondary to beryllium and nickel exposure, where immunologic mechanisms have been well characterized. For example, current evidence suggests that beryllium acts as an antigen, or hapten, and is presented by antigen-presenting cells to CD4+ T cells, which possess specific surface antigen receptors. Other metals such as cadmium and mercury induce nonspecific damage, probably by initiating production of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, genetic susceptibility markers associated with increased risk have been identified in some metal-related diseases such as chronic beryllium disease and hard metal disease. Future research needs include development of biologic markers of metal-induced immunologic disease, detailed characterization of human exposure, examination of gene alleles that might confer risk, and association of exposure data with that of genetic susceptibility.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Dust; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Inorganic Chemicals; Metals, Heavy; Pneumoconiosis
PubMed: 10931787
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.00108s4685