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Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and... Oct 2021Changes in sex hormones are thought to play an important role in bone health in postmenopausal women. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the association between...
BACKGROUND
Changes in sex hormones are thought to play an important role in bone health in postmenopausal women. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the association between levels of estradiol (E2), which is the most potent endogenous estrogen, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and bone mineral density (BMD) among postmenopausal women, 40-59 years of age.
METHODS
Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016, we performed weighted multivariable linear regression models to evaluate the associations between serum levels of E2 and SHBG and lumbar BMD. A weighted generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting were used to address potential nonlinearity.
RESULTS
A total of 608 postmenopausal women were included in the analysis. The serum E2 level was positively associated with lumbar BMD, after adjusting for other covariates (β 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38-0.93). An inverted U-shaped association between the serum E2 level and lumbar BMD was further identified, with the point of inflection at an E2 level of 70 pg/mL. There was no significant association between the SHBG level and lumbar BMD (β 0.01; 95% CI - 0.30 to 0.31). However, the association between these two variables was U-shaped, with the point of inflection at an SHBG level of 65 nmol/L.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on our findings, it may be beneficial to appropriately increase serum E2 levels to promote bone health in postmenopausal women with low estrogen levels. Considering the inverted U-shaped association, an excessive E2 level may be harmful to BMD. In addition, increasing the SHBG level to within the normal range (65-144 nmol/L) may be considered.
Topics: Adult; Bone Density; Estradiol; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Postmenopause; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin
PubMed: 34717706
DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02799-3 -
Immunology Nov 1970It has been shown that many pigeon materials contain one or more of four pigeon proteins—pigeon γ-globulin (PGG), pigeon serum albumin (PSA), pigeon β-globulin (PBG)...
It has been shown that many pigeon materials contain one or more of four pigeon proteins—pigeon γ-globulin (PGG), pigeon serum albumin (PSA), pigeon β-globulin (PBG) and a protein cross-reacting immunologically with PGG termed XPGG. It is thought that the ability of seemingly unrelated sources of pigeon material, e.g. pigeon droppings, serum, egg yolk and white to react with sera from cases of pigeon breeders' disease is due to the presence of PGG, PSA, PBG or XPGG in these materials. Only in pigeon droppings were important antigens other than PGG, PSA, PBG and XPGG found and it is possible that pigeon droppings are the only `complete' source of antigens concerned with the disease unless specified conditions arise.
Topics: Animals; Antigens; Beta-Globulins; Columbidae; Cross Reactions; Egg Yolk; Feces; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoelectrophoresis; Ovalbumin; Plasma; Pneumonia; Proteins; Rabbits; Serum Albumin; gamma-Globulins
PubMed: 4098599
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular Vision 2012To investigate the expression level of the optineurin gene (OPTN) in the blood of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients to determine if altered expression is...
PURPOSE
To investigate the expression level of the optineurin gene (OPTN) in the blood of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients to determine if altered expression is playing a role in primary open angle glaucoma systemically.
METHODS
Patients (n=47) were eligible for inclusion if they met standard clinical criteria for POAG, including age greater than 40 years, intraocular pressure ≥21 mmHg in at least one eye before treatment, normal-appearing anterior chamber angles bilaterally on gonioscopy, and optic nerve injury characteristic of POAG. Control subjects (n=27) were recruited who were free from glaucoma by examination. DNA from patient was sequenced to look for possible mutations in the coding region of OPTN or its promoter. RNA was extracted from leukocytes of patients and controls and converted to cDNA by reverse transcriptase enzyme, and quantitative PCR was used to assess expression levels of OPTN and the β-globulin gene. The ratio of OPTN expression to β-globulin gene expression for POAG patients was compared to that of controls and to clinical characteristics of POAG patients.
RESULTS
No mutation(s) were detected in any of the patients after sequencing the full OPTN gene and its promoter region. Mean OPTN (p≤0.35), and β-globulin (p≤0.48) gene expression values were statistically similar in POAG patients and controls. OPTN/β-globulin (p≤0.83) ratios were also indistinguishable between POAG patients and controls. OPTN/β-globulin ratios were not significantly associated with age, sex, or ethnicity of patients within the POAG group. Similarly, OPTN/β-globulin ratios were not significantly affected by ethnicity or clinical parameters related to POAG severity including maximum intraocular pressure, vertical cup-to-disk ratio, static perimetry mean deviation, or static perimetry pattern standard deviation.
CONCLUSIONS
OPTN expression is not altered in the blood of POAG patients, suggesting that OPTN expression is not changed systemically and implying that other mechanisms are involved in POAG pathogenesis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Beta-Globulins; Case-Control Studies; Cell Cycle Proteins; DNA Mutational Analysis; Female; Gene Expression; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Middle Aged; Open Reading Frames; Patient Selection; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Severity of Illness Index; Transcription Factor TFIIIA
PubMed: 22690120
DOI: No ID Found -
Viruses Jun 2021Robert (Bob) Sim had a profound effect on almost every aspect of my approach to scientific research, acting as a mentor and moral compass through the many different...
Robert (Bob) Sim had a profound effect on almost every aspect of my approach to scientific research, acting as a mentor and moral compass through the many different stages of my career [...].
Topics: Complement Factor H; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Immunochemistry; United Kingdom
PubMed: 34203168
DOI: 10.3390/v13071256 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Nov 1982Beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) have been localised in megakaryocytes and platelets using immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques....
Beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) have been localised in megakaryocytes and platelets using immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. These studies support the concept of synthesis of the proteins by parent megakaryocytes. By immunoelectron microscopy both proteins have been visualised in the alpha granule of the platelet and megakaryocyte, supporting functional studies of the cytoplasmic localisation of these proteins. The light microscopic techniques may allow elucidation of the distribution and role of the megakaryocyte in the pulmonary circulation and, on a practical level, permit its identification and distinction from other multinucleate cells in extramedullary tissue.
Topics: Beta-Globulins; Blood Coagulation Factors; Blood Platelets; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Leukemia, Myeloid; Megakaryocytes; Microscopy, Electron; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Platelet Factor 4; beta-Thromboglobulin
PubMed: 6183294
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.35.11.1227 -
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders Apr 2013The aim of this study was to investigate the association of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and hypertension in a Swedish population. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and hypertension in a Swedish population.
METHODS
The study is based on a random sample of a Swedish population of men and women aged 30-74 years (n=2,816). Total testosterone, oestradiol and SHBG were measured in 2,782 participants. Free androgen index was then calculated according to the formula FAI=100 × (Total testosterone)/SHBG. Hypertension was diagnosed according to JNC7.
RESULTS
In men, but not in women, significant association between SHBG and both diastolic (diastolic blood pressure: β=-0.143 p<0.001) and systolic blood pressure (systolic blood pressure β=-0.114 p<0.001) was found. The association was still significant after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, high density lipoproteins (HDL) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (diastolic blood pressure: β=-0.113 p<0.001; systolic blood pressure β=-0.093 p=0.001). An inverse association was observed between SHBG and hypertension in both men (B=-0.024 p<0.001) and women (B=-0.022 p<0.001). The association was still significant in women older than 50 years after adjustments for age, BMI, physical activity, CRP and alcohol consumption (B=-0.014, p=0.008).
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, these results show a strong association between SHBG and blood pressure independent of major determinants of high blood pressure. This association might be addressed to direct effects of SHBG in endothelial cells through the receptor for SHBG. If this is confirmed by other observational and experimental studies, it might become a new field for the development of therapies for lowering blood pressure.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; Sweden
PubMed: 23594436
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-13-30 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Nov 1979Human histocompatibility antigens HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C are a complex of two noncovalently associated subunits: a heavy chain glycoprotein (alpha) carrying the genetic...
Human histocompatibility antigens HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C are a complex of two noncovalently associated subunits: a heavy chain glycoprotein (alpha) carrying the genetic polymorphism and an invariant light chain, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). Upon incubation of papain-solubilized HLA with radiolabeled urinary beta 2m, the latter is incorporated into HLA, where it substitutes for the preexisting beta 2m that has dissociated from the complex. The association-dissociation equilibrium that governs this beta 2m exchange reaction was investigated and found to be characterized by a long lifetime of the complex (half-life of 80 min at 37 degrees C) and a relatively low Kd (4 nM). The beta 2m exchange was used as the basis of a radioimmunoassay for HLA antigens with radiolabeled beta 2m as a unique label for all HLA specificities. In a similar fashion, radiolabeled beta 2m can be incorporated into HLA at the cell surface. Although the process is slower and less extensive than in solution, it can be used as a means to tag cells with specific probes for HLA antigens.
Topics: Beta-Globulins; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; HLA Antigens; Humans; Kinetics; Macromolecular Substances; Membrane Proteins; Protein Binding; Radioimmunoassay; Thermodynamics; beta 2-Microglobulin
PubMed: 93282
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.11.5834 -
Clinical Chemistry Jul 2014
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Humans; Transferrin
PubMed: 24799526
DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.224477 -
Immunology Mar 1967By the method of antigen—antibody crossed electrophoresis where the antigens after a first separation in agarose gel are driven into a new antibody containing gel,...
By the method of antigen—antibody crossed electrophoresis where the antigens after a first separation in agarose gel are driven into a new antibody containing gel, serum β-globulin and its conversion products were analysed in native serum as well as after addition of EDTA, incubation with immunoprecipitate and hydrazine, and after inactivation at 56°. It is shown that β-globulin can be converted not only to β-globulin or components with the same mobility as β-globulin but also to additional components, one in the α-region, one in the inter-β-region and one in the γ-region. α- and inter-β-components are seen especially in serum to which EDTA has been added. EDTA did not inhibit the spontaneous conversion of β-globulin.
Topics: Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Beta-Globulins; Edetic Acid; Electrophoresis; Gels; Humans; Hydrazines; In Vitro Techniques
PubMed: 4164033
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Apr 1967Evidence has been obtained for the presence in vivo of alpha(2D)-globulin, a breakdown product of serum beta(1C)-globulin, in patients with acute and persistent...
Evidence has been obtained for the presence in vivo of alpha(2D)-globulin, a breakdown product of serum beta(1C)-globulin, in patients with acute and persistent hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis. The protein has been identified by immunoelectrophoretic analysis, and the amounts present have been determined by direct measurement of specific antigenic determinants present on alpha(2D). beta(1A)-Globulin, another breakdown product of beta(1C)-globulin, may also be present in vivo in severely hypocomplementemic patients, but its levels are much lower than those of alpha(2D)-globulin.Alpha(2D)-globulin has been identified by immunoelectrophoretic analysis of fresh EDTA plasma from patients with hypocomplementemic nephritis as an arc in the alpha(2) region that shows a reaction of identity with the arc representing alpha(2D)-globulin produced by aged normal serum. beta(1A)-Globulin was not seen in these patterns. Measurement of specific antigenic determinants has been carried out in both fresh EDTA plasma and aged serum. In the fresh plasma, the concentration of D antigen, found on both beta(1C)- and alpha(2D)-globulins, has been related to that of B antigen, found only on beta(1C) and taken as a measure of the concentration of this protein. In the hypocomplementemic patients, the concentration of D antigen, in comparison to that of B, was greater than in the normal subjects. Similarly, in aged serum, the level of alpha(2D) was greater than would be expected from the amount of beta(1C) that had been broken down in vitro, measured by the concentration of beta(1A). Calculations indicated that the in vivo alpha(2D) level in severely hypocomplementemic patients ranged from 7.5 to 18% of that which would be found in a pool of aged normal serum in which beta(1C) is completely broken down. The levels tended to be lower in less severely hypocomplementemic patients, and none could be detected in normal plasma. Only small quantities of A and D antigens are detectable in the urine of patients with hypocomplementemic nephritis. The rate of excretion is about equal to that of the normal subject. The study indicates that the low serum levels of beta(1C)-globulin that may be present over long periods in patients with persistent hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis can be ascribed, in part, to in vivo breakdown of this protein as a result of reaction with immune complexes. The contribution of beta(1C) deposition on immune complexes and of diminished synthesis to the depressed serum levels cannot be assessed by the present study.
Topics: Adult; Alpha-Globulins; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Beta-Globulins; Child; Complement System Proteins; Edetic Acid; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Hypoproteinemia; Immunoelectrophoresis
PubMed: 4164258
DOI: 10.1172/JCI105555