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Neurology Jan 2018To increase understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the association, we investigated the individual relations to cognitive decline of the primary nutrients... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
To increase understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the association, we investigated the individual relations to cognitive decline of the primary nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables, including vitamin K (phylloquinone), lutein, β-carotene, nitrate, folate, kaempferol, and α-tocopherol.
METHODS
This was a prospective study of 960 participants of the Memory and Aging Project, ages 58-99 years, who completed a food frequency questionnaire and had ≥2 cognitive assessments over a mean 4.7 years.
RESULTS
In a linear mixed model adjusted for age, sex, education, participation in cognitive activities, physical activities, smoking, and seafood and alcohol consumption, consumption of green leafy vegetables was associated with slower cognitive decline; the decline rate for those in the highest quintile of intake (median 1.3 servings/d) was slower by β = 0.05 standardized units ( = 0.0001) or the equivalent of being 11 years younger in age. Higher intakes of each of the nutrients and bioactives except β-carotene were individually associated with slower cognitive decline. In the adjusted models, the rates for the highest vs the lowest quintiles of intake were β = 0.02, = 0.002 for phylloquinone; β = 0.04, = 0.002 for lutein; β = 0.05, < 0.001 for folate; β = 0.03, = 0.02 for α-tocopherol; β = 0.04, = 0.002 for nitrate; β = 0.04, = 0.003 for kaempferol; and β = 0.02, = 0.08 for β-carotene.
CONCLUSIONS
Consumption of approximately 1 serving per day of green leafy vegetables and foods rich in phylloquinone, lutein, nitrate, folate, α-tocopherol, and kaempferol may help to slow cognitive decline with aging.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cognitive Dysfunction; Diet, Healthy; Disease Progression; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrients; Phytochemicals; Plant Leaves; Prospective Studies; Smoking; Vegetables
PubMed: 29263222
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004815 -
Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Jun 2019Persistent physical impairment is frequently encountered after critical illness. Recent data point towards mitochondrial dysfunction as an important determinant of this... (Review)
Review
Persistent physical impairment is frequently encountered after critical illness. Recent data point towards mitochondrial dysfunction as an important determinant of this phenomenon. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge of mitochondrial function during and after critical illness and the role and potential therapeutic applications of specific micronutrients to restore mitochondrial function. Increased lactate levels and decreased mitochondrial ATP-production are common findings during critical illness and considered to be associated with decreased activity of muscle mitochondrial complexes in the electron transfer system. Adequate nutrient levels are essential for mitochondrial function as several specific micronutrients play crucial roles in energy metabolism and ATP-production. We have addressed the role of B vitamins, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, selenium, zinc, coenzyme Q10, caffeine, melatonin, carnitine, nitrate, lipoic acid and taurine in mitochondrial function. B vitamins and lipoic acid are essential in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, while selenium, α-tocopherol, Coenzyme Q10, caffeine, and melatonin are suggested to boost the electron transfer system function. Carnitine is essential for fatty acid beta-oxidation. Selenium is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. Notwithstanding the documented importance of several nutritional components for optimal mitochondrial function, at present, there are no studies providing directions for optimal requirements during or after critical illness although deficiencies of these specific micronutrients involved in mitochondrial metabolism are common. Considering the interplay between these specific micronutrients, future research should pay more attention to their combined supply to provide guidance for use in clinical practise. REVISION NUMBER: YCLNU-D-17-01092R2.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Convalescence; Critical Illness; Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins; Humans; Lactates; Melatonin; Mice; Micronutrients; Mitochondria; Ubiquinone
PubMed: 30201141
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.032 -
Nutrients Aug 2022Previous observational case-control studies have shown significant controversy over the impact of dietary intake-related circulating antioxidants on the risk of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Previous observational case-control studies have shown significant controversy over the impact of dietary intake-related circulating antioxidants on the risk of digestive system tumors. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomized (MR) analysis to determine whether there was a significant causal relationship between increased levels of circulating antioxidants and digestive system tumors. Our circulating antioxidants (vitamin C, carotenoids, vitamin A, and vitamin E) were derived from absolute circulating antioxidants and circulating antioxidant metabolites, and their corresponding instrumental variables were screened from published studies. The digestive system tumors we studied included colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, liver, and esophageal cancer, and the corresponding summary GAWS (genome-wide association study) data were obtained from the UK Biobank database. We first evaluated the causal relationship between each tumor and circulating antioxidants and then used meta-analysis to summarize the results of MR analysis of different tumors. No significant associations were noted for genetically predicted circulating antioxidants and higher risk of digestive system tumors in our study. The pooled ORs (odds ratio) are 0.72 (95% CI: 0.46-1.11; β-carotene), 0.93 (95% CI: 0.81-1.08; lycopene), 2.12 (95% CI: 0.31-14.66; retinol), and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96-1.02; ascorbate) for absolute circulating antioxidants; for circulating antioxidant metabolites, the pooled ORs for digestive system tumors risk per unit increase of antioxidants were 1.29 (95% CI: 0.39-4.28; α-tocopherol), 1.72 (95% CI: 0.85-3.49; γ-tocopherol), 1.05 (95% CI: 0.96-1.14; retinol), and 1.21 (95% CI: 0.97-1.51; ascorbate), respectively. Our study suggested that increased levels of dietary-derived circulating antioxidants did not reduce the risk of digestive system tumors.
Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Diet; Digestive System Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Risk Factors; Vitamin A
PubMed: 36014780
DOI: 10.3390/nu14163274 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Nov 2018High dietary intake or blood concentrations (as biomarkers of dietary intake) of vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E have been associated with reduced risk of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Dietary intake and blood concentrations of antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies.
BACKGROUND
High dietary intake or blood concentrations (as biomarkers of dietary intake) of vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality, but these associations have not been systematically assessed.
OBJECTIVE
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of dietary intake and blood concentrations of vitamin C, carotenoids, and vitamin E in relation to these outcomes.
DESIGN
We searched PubMed and Embase up to 14 February 2018. Summary RRs and 95% CIs were calculated with the use of random-effects models.
RESULTS
Sixty-nine prospective studies (99 publications) were included. The summary RR per 100-mg/d increment of dietary vitamin C intake was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.79, 0.98, I2 = 65%, n = 11) for coronary heart disease, 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.98, I2 = 68%, n = 12) for stroke, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.94, I2 = 27%, n = 10) for cardiovascular disease, 0.93 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.99, I2 = 46%, n = 8) for total cancer, and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85, 0.94, I2 = 80%, n = 14) for all-cause mortality. Corresponding RRs per 50-μmol/L increase in blood concentrations of vitamin C were 0.74 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.83, I2 = 0%, n = 4), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.81, I2 = 0%, n = 4), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.87, I2 = 56%, n = 6), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.82, I2 = 0%, n = 5), and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.79, I2 = 0%, n = 8). Dietary intake and/or blood concentrations of carotenoids (total, β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene) and α-tocopherol, but not dietary vitamin E, were similarly inversely associated with coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and/or all-cause mortality.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher dietary intake and/or blood concentrations of vitamin C, carotenoids, and α-tocopherol (as markers of fruit and vegetable intake) were associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, and all-cause mortality. These results support recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable intake, but not antioxidant supplement use, for chronic disease prevention.
Topics: Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotenoids; Cause of Death; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Neoplasms; Nutritional Status; Vitamin E; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 30475962
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy097 -
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research Jun 2016Tocopherols exist in four forms designated as α, β, δ, and γ. Due to their strong antioxidant properties, tocopherols have been suggested to reduce the risk of... (Review)
Review
Tocopherols exist in four forms designated as α, β, δ, and γ. Due to their strong antioxidant properties, tocopherols have been suggested to reduce the risk of cancer. Cancer prevention studies with tocopherols have mostly utilized α-tocopherol. Large-scale clinical trials with α-tocopherol provided inconsistent results regarding the cancer-preventive activities of tocopherols. This review summarizes our current understanding of the anticancer activities of different forms of tocopherols based on follow-up of the clinical trials, recent epidemiological evidences, and experimental studies using in vitro and in vivo models. The experimental data provide strong evidence in support of the anticancer activities of δ-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and the natural tocopherol mixture rich in γ-tocopherol, γ-TmT, over α-tocopherol. Such outcomes emphasize the need for detailed investigation into the cancer-preventive activities of different forms of tocopherols to provide a strong rationale for intervention studies in the future.
Topics: Animals; Anticarcinogenic Agents; Antioxidants; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Neoplasms; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tocopherols
PubMed: 26751721
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500847 -
Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. :... Nov 2022In humans and mice, offspring of allergic mothers are predisposed to development of allergy. In mice, allergic mothers have elevated β-glucosylceramides (βGlcCers)...
In humans and mice, offspring of allergic mothers are predisposed to development of allergy. In mice, allergic mothers have elevated β-glucosylceramides (βGlcCers) that are transported to the fetus via the placenta and to offspring via milk. The elevated βGlcCers increase the number of fetal liver CD11c+CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) and offspring allergen-induced lung eosinophilia. These effects are modifiable by maternal dietary supplementation with the plant-derived lipids α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol. It is not known whether βGlcCers and tocopherols directly regulate development of DCs. In this study, we demonstrated that βGlcCers increased development of GM-CSF-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) in vitro without altering expression of costimulatory molecules. This increase in BMDC numbers was blocked by α-tocopherol and potentiated by γ-tocopherol. Furthermore, βGlcCers increased protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and PKCδ activation in BMDCs that was blocked by α-tocopherol. In contrast, γ-tocopherol increased BMDC PKCα and PKCδ activation and enhanced the βGlcCer-induced increase in PKCδ activation in a DC subset. Ag processing per DC was minimally enhanced in βGlcCer-treated BMDCs and not altered ex vivo in lung DCs from pups of allergic mothers. Pups of allergic mothers had an increased proportion of CD11b+CD11c+ subsets of DCs, contributing to enhanced stimulation of T cell proliferation ex vivo. Thus, βGlcCer, which is both necessary and sufficient for development of allergic predisposition in offspring of allergic mothers, directly increased development and PKC activation in BMDCs. Furthermore, this was modifiable by dietary tocopherols. This may inform design of future studies for the prevention or intervention in asthma and allergic disease.
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Animals; Mice; Tocopherols; gamma-Tocopherol; Glucosylceramides; alpha-Tocopherol; Protein Kinase C-alpha; Hypersensitivity; Asthma; CD11c Antigen; Dendritic Cells
PubMed: 36426950
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101188 -
Nutrients Jul 2023The relationship between vitamin E intake or circulating α-tocopherol and various health outcomes is still debatable and uncertain. We conducted an umbrella review to... (Review)
Review
The relationship between vitamin E intake or circulating α-tocopherol and various health outcomes is still debatable and uncertain. We conducted an umbrella review to identify the relationships between vitamin E intake or circulating tocopherol and health outcomes by merging and recalculating earlier meta-analyses. The connections that were found to be statistically significant were then classified into different evidence levels based on values, between-study heterogeneity, prediction intervals, and small study effects. We finally included 32 eligible meta-analyses with four vitamin E sources and 64 unique health outcomes. Only the association between circulating α-tocopherol and wheeze or asthma in children was substantiated by consistent evidence. Suggestive evidence was suggested for seven results on endothelial function (supplemental vitamin E): serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (supplemental vitamin E), cervical cancer (dietary vitamin E), esophageal cancer (dietary vitamin E), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN, dietary vitamin E), pancreatic cancer (total vitamin E intake), and colorectal cancer (circulating α-tocopherol levels); all of these showed a protective effect consistent with the vitamin E source. In conclusion, our work has indicated that vitamin E is protective for several particular health outcomes. Further prospective studies are required when other factors that may contribute to bias are considered.
Topics: Child; Humans; Vitamin E; alpha-Tocopherol; Antioxidants; Tocopherols; Diet
PubMed: 37571239
DOI: 10.3390/nu15153301 -
Nutrients Dec 2021Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency remains a challenge in cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic pancreatitis, and biliary atresia. Liposomes and cyclodextrins can enhance their... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency remains a challenge in cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic pancreatitis, and biliary atresia. Liposomes and cyclodextrins can enhance their bioavailability, thus this multi-center randomized placebo-controlled trial compared three-month supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins in the form of liposomes or cyclodextrins to medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) in pancreatic-insufficient CF patients. The daily doses were as follows: 2000 IU of retinyl palmitate, 4000 IU of vitamin D3, 200 IU of RRR-α-tocopherol, and 200 µg of vitamin K2 as menaquinone-7, with vitamin E given in soybean oil instead of liposomes. All participants received 4 mg of β-carotene and 1.07 mg of vitamin K1 to ensure compliance with the guidelines. The primary outcome was the change from the baseline of all-trans-retinol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and the percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin. Out of 75 randomized patients ( = 28 liposomes, = 22 cyclodextrins, and = 25 MCT), 67 completed the trial (89%; = 26 liposomes, = 18 cyclodextrins, and = 23 MCT) and had a median age of 22 years (IQR 19-28), body mass index of 20.6 kg/m [18.4-22.0], and forced expiratory volume in 1 s of 65% (44-84%). The liposomal formulation of vitamin A was associated with the improved evolution of serum all-trans-retinol compared to the control (median +1.7 ng/mL (IQR -44.3-86.1) vs. -38.8 ng/mL (-71.2-6.8), = 0.028). Cyclodextrins enhanced the bioavailability of vitamin D3 (+9.0 ng/mL (1.0-17.0) vs. +3.0 ng/mL (-4.0-7.0), = 0.012) and vitamin E (+4.34 µg/mL (0.33-6.52) vs. -0.34 µg/mL (-1.71-2.15), = 0.010). Liposomes may augment the bioavailability of vitamin A and cyclodextrins may strengthen the supplementation of vitamins D3 and E relative to MCT in pancreatic-insufficient CF but further studies are required to assess liposomal vitamin E (German Clinical Trial Register number DRKS00014295, funded from EU and Norsa Pharma).
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Calcifediol; Cholecalciferol; Cyclodextrins; Cystic Fibrosis; Dietary Supplements; Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency; Female; Humans; Liposomes; Male; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; Vitamin E; Vitamin K 2; Vitamins; Young Adult; beta Carotene
PubMed: 34960106
DOI: 10.3390/nu13124554 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021In vitro cultures have been used as an effective means to achieve a high level of secondary metabolites in various plants, including soy. In this study, the contents of...
In vitro cultures have been used as an effective means to achieve a high level of secondary metabolites in various plants, including soy. In this study, the contents of α-, γ-, and δ- tocopherol were quantified in soybean callus, and their amounts were compared to those of soybeans cultivated using the conventional tillage system with three weed controls (respectively without herbicide and with two variants of herbicide). Soybean callus was produced using Murashige and Skoog 1962 (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0. 1 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ). The highest amount of fresh callus was obtained from soybeans from the conventional tillage system with second weed control (S-metolachlor 960 g/L, imazamox 40 g/L, and propaquizafop 100 g/L) respectively 13,652.4 ± 1177.62 mg. The analyzed tocopherols were in much higher content in soy dry callus than the soybean seeds (5.63 µg/g compared with the 0.35 α-toco in soybean, 47.57 µg/g compared with 18.71 µg/g γ-toco or, 5.56 µg/g compared with 1.74 µg/g β-toco). The highest content of the three analyzed tocopherols was γ -tocopherol, both in callus and soybeans. Furthermore, the data showed that herbicides used in soybean culture significantly influenced both the in vitro callus production and the tocopherol callus content ( ˂ 0.05). Altogether, soybean callus can be an important source of tocopherols, and herbicides significantly influence in vitro callus production and the tocopherol callus content.
PubMed: 34961042
DOI: 10.3390/plants10122571