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The Journal of Reproduction and... Apr 2011Zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites are important nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxins that cause reproductive disorders in domestic animals, especially pigs. We aimed...
Zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites are important nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxins that cause reproductive disorders in domestic animals, especially pigs. We aimed to simultaneously detect ZEN and its metabolites á-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) in porcine follicular fluid (FF) by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ZEN and α-ZOL, but not β-ZOL, were detected in all pooled FF samples collected from coexisting follicles (diameter ≥ 6 mm) within 10 ovaries. Furthermore, ZEN and α-ZOL were detected in samples pretreated with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase, but not in those left untreated, suggesting that the FF samples contained glucuronide-conjugated forms of the mycotoxins that may be less harmful to porcine oocytes due to glucuronidation affecting the receptor binding. Nonetheless, the effects of the glucuronide-conjugated forms should be studied, both in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Arylsulfatases; Chromatography, Liquid; Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; Female; Follicular Fluid; Glucuronidase; Swine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Zearalenone; Zeranol
PubMed: 21139326
DOI: 10.1262/jrd.10-106m -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Mar 2010Zearalenone (ZEA), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species, is converted into a more active metabolite, alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL), and a less...
Zearalenone (ZEA), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species, is converted into a more active metabolite, alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL), and a less active metabolite, beta-zearalenol (beta-ZOL), by liver subcellular fractions, but evidence of this reaction in other tissues is limited. In order to clarify the role of various tissues in ZEA metabolism in ruminant, we investigated the in vitro metabolic conversion of ZEA by various tissues of adult male and female goats. The results indicate that in the liver, alpha-ZOL was a major metabolite in cytosolic fractions, whereas beta-ZOL was a predominant metabolite in microsome fractions. Such a feature of ZEA metabolism was confirmed by the K(m) and V(max) values from an enzyme kinetics experiment. Post-mitochondrial fractions of the liver converted ZEA predominantly to alpha-ZOL, indicating that the goat liver may function as an activation organ rather than as an inactivation organ, for ZEA metabolism in goats. In most other tissues including rumen tissue, the activity converting ZEA to alpha-ZOL was higher than that to beta-ZOL. The amount of alpha-ZOL formed by gastrointestinal tissues was 1/8-1/3 of that by the liver tissue in terms of the amount per mg protein, but the contribution of all gastrointestinal tissues to production of alpha-ZOL was estimated to be comparable to that of the liver because of the large mass of gastrointestinal tissues in ruminants. Overall the results show the importance of not only the liver tissue, but also other tissues, especially gastrointestinal ones, in the formation of a potent estrogenic metabolite, alpha-ZOL.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Biotransformation; Brain; Cytosol; Female; Goats; Intestine, Small; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Male; Microsomes; Microsomes, Liver; Rumen; Tissue Distribution; Zearalenone; Zeranol
PubMed: 19959886
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0122 -
Molecular Microbiology Nov 2005Zearalenone (ZEA) is a polyketide mycotoxin produced by some species of Gibberella/Fusarium and causes hyperestrogenic syndrome in animals. ZEA occurs naturally in...
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a polyketide mycotoxin produced by some species of Gibberella/Fusarium and causes hyperestrogenic syndrome in animals. ZEA occurs naturally in cereals infected by Gibberella zeae in temperate regions and threatens animal health. In this study, we report on a set of genes that participate in the biosynthesis of ZEA in G. zeae. Focusing on the non-reducing polyketide synthase (PKS) genes of the G. zeae genome, we demonstrated that PKS13 is required for ZEA production. Subsequent analyses revealed that a continuous, 50 kb segment of DNA carrying PKS13 consisted of three additional open reading frames that were coexpressed as a cluster during the condition for ZEA biosynthesis. These genes, in addition to PKS13, were essential for the ZEA biosynthesis. They include another PKS gene (PKS4) encoding a fungal reducing PKS; zearalenone biosynthesis gene 1 (ZEB1), which shows a high similarity to putative isoamyl alcohol oxidase genes; and ZEB2 whose deduced product carries a conserved, basic-region leucine zipper domain. ZEB1 is responsible for the chemical conversion of beta-zearalenonol (beta-ZOL) to ZEA in the biosynthetic pathway, and ZEB2 controls transcription of the cluster members. Transcription of these genes was strongly influenced by different culture conditions such as nutrient starvations and ambient pH. Furthermore, the same set of genes regulated by ZEB2 was dramatically repressed in the transgenic G. zeae strain with the deletion of PKS13 or PKS4 but not in the ZEB1 deletion strain, suggesting that ZEA or beta-ZOL may be involved in transcriptional activation of the gene cluster required for ZEA biosynthesis in G. zeae. This is the first published report on the molecular characterization of genes required for ZEA biosynthesis.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Gene Deletion; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Gene Order; Genes, Fungal; Genes, Regulator; Gibberella; Leucine Zippers; Molecular Sequence Data; Multigene Family; Open Reading Frames; Oxidoreductases; Polyketide Synthases; Protein Structure, Tertiary; RNA, Fungal; RNA, Messenger; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Transcription, Genetic; Zearalenone
PubMed: 16262793
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04884.x -
British Journal of Pharmacology Nov 19751 Amodiaquine was found to be a potent inhibitor in vitro of gastric histamine methyltransferase from human and canine corpus and from pig antrum. The ID50 for the...
1 Amodiaquine was found to be a potent inhibitor in vitro of gastric histamine methyltransferase from human and canine corpus and from pig antrum. The ID50 for the enzyme, purified from pig antrum mucosa by ultracentrifugation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, was 2.5 muM. 2 In six dogs with Heidenhanin pouches the maximum secretory response to histamine (40 mug/kg i.m.) was augmented by i.m. injection of amodiaquine. The augmentation depended on the dose of amodiaquine, the optimum effect (40% increase in volume of gastric juice, 80% in acid output) being achieved with 2 mg/kg. The maximum secretory response to betazole was also enhanced by amodiaquine. 3 It was suggested that amodiaquine may enhance the histamine and betazole stimulated gastric secretion by an inhibition of gastric histamine methyltransferase in vivo.
Topics: Amodiaquine; Animals; Betazole; Dogs; Gastric Mucosa; Histamine; Histamine N-Methyltransferase; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Methyltransferases; Stimulation, Chemical; Stomach; Swine
PubMed: 1203620
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1975.tb06934.x -
PloS One 2014The zearalenone (ZEA) monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2D3, one of the highest sensitivity antibodies, was developed. Based on this mAb, it was established of an immunoaffinity...
The zearalenone (ZEA) monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2D3, one of the highest sensitivity antibodies, was developed. Based on this mAb, it was established of an immunoaffinity column (IAC) coupled with an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA). After optimization, the icELISA allowed an IC50 against ZEA of 0.02 µg L(-1). The mAb 2D3 exhibited a high recognition of ZEA (100%) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL, 88.2%). Its cross-reactivity with α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalanol (β-ZAL) were found to be 4.4% and 4.6%, respectively. The IAC-icELISA method was employed to analyze ZEA contamination in food samples, compared with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The spiked assay for ZEA demonstrated the considerable recoveries for IAC-icELISA (83-93%) and HPLC (94-108%) methods. Results showed that the mAb 2D3 and IAC-icELISA method posed potential applications in sensitively determination of ZEA in maize.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Breeding; Chromatography, Affinity; Cross Reactions; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Hybridomas; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mycotoxins; Zea mays; Zeranol
PubMed: 24465616
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085606 -
Toxicology International 2014The aim of the presented study was to investigate the mycotoxin exposure of Ivorian population related to the consumption patterns of maize, peanuts, millet, and cassava...
SCOPE
The aim of the presented study was to investigate the mycotoxin exposure of Ivorian population related to the consumption patterns of maize, peanuts, millet, and cassava product (attiéké).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Maize flour samples (n = 51) were purchased from all Abidjan local markets, in the south of Ivory Coast, and urine (n = 99) was collected during the same reference period (July-September 2011) from volunteers living in Abidjan and Daloa cities. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to analyze aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FB1, FB2), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and T-2 and HT-2 toxins in maize flour samples, and their relevant biomarkers (AFM1, DON, DON + de-epoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1), FB1, α-zearalenol (ZOL), β-ZOL, and OTA) in urine samples.
RESULTS
Critical maize contamination was observed by AFs occurrence (total AFs 4.5 - 330.0 μg/kg) while OTA was found in 13% of samples analyzed. AFM1 was detected in 40% of urines samples (0.06 - 14.11 ng/ml), OTA in 37% (0.01 - 0.42 ng/ml), FB1 in 27% (0.07 to 15.31 ng/ml) and, DON was found in 21% of samples at levels up to 10.0 ng/ml. The correlation coefficients (R(2)) obtained by plotting the percentage of biomarker occurrence (positive samples) versus the frequency of food consumption revealed maize, peanuts, millet and attiéké were strongly linked to AFB1 and OTA exposure with values of R(2) ranged from 0.462 to 0.956.
CONCLUSION
The present study provided data on mycotoxin risk in Ivory Coast, revealing a frequent co-exposure to the major mycotoxins such as AFs, OTA, and fumonisins, which appeared to be related to the frequency of peanuts, maize, millet and attiéké consumption.
PubMed: 25948962
DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.155336 -
British Medical Journal Sep 1961
PubMed: 20789227
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5253.665 -
Food Additives and Contaminants Sep 2007A survey for the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in maize for human consumption in four south-western states of Nigeria using High Performance Liquid...
A survey for the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in maize for human consumption in four south-western states of Nigeria using High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (HPLC/MS) showed that 93.4% of the samples were contaminated with zearalenone (ZON), alpha- and beta-zearalenols (alpha- and beta-ZOL), fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) or enniatins (ENNs). The fractions of contaminated samples were 73% for FB(1) (mean:117 microg kg(-1), range:10-760 microg kg(-1)); 57% for ZON (mean:49 microg kg(-1), range:115-779 microg kg(-1)) and 13% for alpha-ZOL (mean: 63.6 microg kg(-1), range:32-181 microg kg(-1)), while ENNs A1, B and B(1) were present in 3, 7 and 3% of the samples respectively. There was no beta-ZOL present above the quantification limits of 50 microg kg(-1). Only the FB(1) content was significantly different at the 95% confidence level among the four states. The Fusarium species most frequently isolated from maize seeds were F. verticillioides (70%), followed by F. sporotrichioides (42%), F. graminearum (30%), F. pallidoroseum (15%), F. compactum (12%), F. proliferatum (12%), F. equiseti (9%), F. acuminatum (8%) and F. subglutinans (4%). This is the first report of the occurrence of alpha-zearalenol and enniatins in Nigerian maize.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Carcinogens, Environmental; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Data Collection; Depsipeptides; Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; Food Contamination; Fumonisins; Fusarium; Humans; Mycotoxins; Nigeria; Seeds; Zea mays; Zearalenone; Zeranol
PubMed: 17691013
DOI: 10.1080/02652030701317285 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Jan 19701. In atropinized, plexus-containing preparations of the longitudinal muscle from the guinea-pig ileum, in which histamine contractions were abolished by mepyramine or...
1. In atropinized, plexus-containing preparations of the longitudinal muscle from the guinea-pig ileum, in which histamine contractions were abolished by mepyramine or diphenhydramine, an inhibitory action of histamine was revealed on the "tetanic spasms" produced by field stimulation.2. The inhibitory action of histamine on the atropine-resistant tetanic spasms, which are due to the excitation of non-cholinergic neurones in Auerbach's plexus (Ambache & Freeman, 1968a, b), was reversible. It is specific for the tetanic spasms, because histamine did not reduce contractions elicited by bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, prostaglandin E(2), nicotine or dimethylphenylpiperazinium.3. L-Histidinol and 2-mercaptohistamine exerted a considerably weaker inhibitory effect upon the tetanic spasms than histamine. Four other imidazoles tested, L-histidine, murexine, dihydromurexine and imidazolecarboxylcholine, were ineffective; so was the pyrazole ring isomer of histamine, betazole.4. The inhibitory action of histamine persisted after adrenoceptor blockade by phentolamine and pronethalol and after prior reserpinization of the guineapigs.5. The inhibitory action of histamine was also obtained after ganglionic paralysis by hexamethonium or dimethylphenylpiperazinium but was antagonized specifically by nicotine.6. On atropinized preparations of the longitudinal muscle from the guinea-pig descending colon histamine exerted, at most, an insignificant inhibitory effect on the tetanic spasms.
Topics: Animals; Atropine; Colon; Ethanolamines; Guinea Pigs; Hexamethonium Compounds; Histamine; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Ileum; Imidazoles; In Vitro Techniques; Muscle, Smooth; Nicotine; Phentolamine; Pyrazoles; Pyrroles; Reserpine; Tetany
PubMed: 4391734
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb10352.x -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Apr 1969Intravenous administration of porcine secretin or pancreozymin or synthetic human gastrin II resulted in raised increments in serum immunoreactive insulin during...
Intravenous administration of porcine secretin or pancreozymin or synthetic human gastrin II resulted in raised increments in serum immunoreactive insulin during intravenous infusion of glucose in normal man. Enhancement of serum immunoreactive insulin by each hormone was associated with accelerated disposal of glucose. In response to prolonged intravenous infusion of arginine with pancreozymin there was a maintained rise in immunoreactive insulin and glucagon-like immunoreactivity in the blood. These effects of pancreozymin and arginine were not reproduced with secretin and arginine, and may have been due to the stimulation of glucagon secretion together with insulin by pancreozymin. Enteric infusion of hydrochloric acid, or stimulation of gastric acid secretion by betazole, presumed to cause release of endogenous secretin, led to enhancement of insulin secretion during intravenous infusion of glucose. Enteric infusion of arginine, presumed to cause release of endogenous pancreozymin, led to a rise in serum immunoreactive insulin not attributable to effects of circulating glucose and amino acids. It is concluded that secretin and pancreozymin released in response to physiological stimuli contribute to stimulation of the endocrine pancreas after ingestion of food.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Arginine; Cholecystokinin; Female; Gastric Juice; Gastrins; Glucose; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Intestine, Small; Male; Pancreas; Secretin
PubMed: 5774112
DOI: 10.1172/JCI106032