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Current Opinion in Gastroenterology Mar 2018Gallstone disease is a major epidemiologic and economic burden worldwide, and the most frequent form is cholesterol gallstone disease. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Gallstone disease is a major epidemiologic and economic burden worldwide, and the most frequent form is cholesterol gallstone disease.
RECENT FINDINGS
Major pathogenetic factors for cholesterol gallstones include a genetic background, hepatic hypersecretion of cholesterol, and supersaturated bile which give life to precipitating cholesterol crystals that accumulate and grow in a sluggish gallbladder. Additional factors include mucin and inflammatory changes in the gallbladder, slow intestinal motility, increased intestinal absorption of cholesterol, and altered gut microbiota. Mechanisms of disease are linked with insulin resistance, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. The role of nuclear receptors, signaling pathways, gut microbiota, and epigenome are being actively investigated.
SUMMARY
Ongoing research on cholesterol gallstone disease is intensively investigating several pathogenic mechanisms, associated metabolic disorders, new therapeutic approaches, and novel strategies for primary prevention, including lifestyles.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Biliary Dyskinesia; Cholelithiasis; Cholesterol; Disease Models, Animal; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gallstones; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Intestines; Mice
PubMed: 29283909
DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000423 -
Nutrients Jan 2022The objective of the present research was to review the state of the art on the consequences of drinking coffee at the different levels of the gastrointestinal tract. At... (Review)
Review
The objective of the present research was to review the state of the art on the consequences of drinking coffee at the different levels of the gastrointestinal tract. At some steps of the digestive process, the effects of coffee consumption seem rather clear. This is the case for the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, the stimulation of biliary and pancreatic secretion, the reduction of gallstone risk, the stimulation of colic motility, and changes in the composition of gut microbiota. Other aspects are still controversial, such as the possibility for coffee to affect gastro-esophageal reflux, peptic ulcers, and intestinal inflammatory diseases. This review also includes a brief summary on the lack of association between coffee consumption and cancer of the different digestive organs, and points to the powerful protective effect of coffee against the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. This review reports the available evidence on different topics and identifies the areas that would most benefit from additional studies.
Topics: Bile; Caffeine; Coffee; Female; Gallstones; Gastric Acid; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Motility; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Pancreas; Peptic Ulcer; Saliva
PubMed: 35057580
DOI: 10.3390/nu14020399 -
Biomolecules Apr 2022Gallstone disease is a common pathology of the digestive system with nearly a 10-20% incidence rate among adults. The mainstay of treatment is cholecystectomy, which is... (Review)
Review
Gallstone disease is a common pathology of the digestive system with nearly a 10-20% incidence rate among adults. The mainstay of treatment is cholecystectomy, which is commonly associated with physical pain and may also seriously affect a patient's quality of life. Clinical research suggests that cholelithiasis is closely related to the age, gender, body mass index, and other basic physical characteristics of patients. Clinical research further suggests that the occurrence of cholelithiasis is related to obesity, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and other diseases. For this reason, we reviewed the following: genetic factors; excessive liver cholesterol secretion (causing cholesterol supersaturation in gallbladder bile); accelerated growth of cholesterol crystals and solid cholesterol crystals; gallbladder motility impairment; and cardiovascular factors. Herein, we summarize and analyze the causes and mechanisms of cholelithiasis, discuss its correlation with the pathogenesis of related diseases, and discuss possible mechanisms.
Topics: Adult; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol; Gallstones; Humans; Quality of Life
PubMed: 35454138
DOI: 10.3390/biom12040550 -
Analytical Biochemistry Jul 2022Trypsin has been identified as a pancreatic protease comprising three isoenzymes, trypsin-1, -2, and -3. However, the gene for trypsinogen-3, PRSS3, also gives rise to...
Trypsin has been identified as a pancreatic protease comprising three isoenzymes, trypsin-1, -2, and -3. However, the gene for trypsinogen-3, PRSS3, also gives rise to additional variants, trypsinogen-4A and B, which differ from trypsinogen-3 only with respect to the leader-peptide part, and when activated are identical to trypsin-3. The unique overlapping leader peptides of trypsinogen-4A and B allowed us to develop a specific sandwich-type immunofluorometric assay that detects both these isoforms, but not trypsinogen-3 or activated trypsinogen-4. We measured the concentrations of trypsinogen-4 in various cell line lysates and bile of primary sclerosing cholangitis patients. Lysates of cell lines MDA-MB-231 and PC-3, and astrocytes contained trypsinogen-4, while the conditioned media from these cells did not, suggesting that trypsinogen-4, lacking a classical signal sequence, is not secreted from the cells. Interestingly, 5.7% of the 212 bile samples analyzed contained measurable (>2.4 μg/l) trypsinogen-4. In conclusion, we have established a specific assay for trypsinogen-4 and demonstrated that trypsinogen-4 can be found in biological samples. However, the clinical utility of the assay remains to be established.
Topics: Bile; Humans; Immunoassay; Isoenzymes; Trypsin; Trypsinogen
PubMed: 35417678
DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114681 -
Viruses May 2021Laboratory cultivation of viruses is critical for determining requirements for viral replication, developing detection methods, identifying drug targets, and developing... (Review)
Review
Laboratory cultivation of viruses is critical for determining requirements for viral replication, developing detection methods, identifying drug targets, and developing antivirals. Several viruses have a history of recalcitrance towards robust replication in laboratory cell lines, including human noroviruses and hepatitis B and C viruses. These viruses have tropism for tissue components of the enterohepatic circulation system: the intestine and liver, respectively. The purpose of this review is to discuss how key enterohepatic signaling molecules, bile acids (BAs), and BA receptors are involved in the replication of these viruses and how manipulation of these factors was useful in the development and/or optimization of culture systems for these viruses. BAs have replication-promoting activities through several key mechanisms: (1) affecting cellular uptake, membrane lipid composition, and endocytic acidification; (2) directly interacting with viral capsids to influence binding to cells; and (3) modulating the innate immune response. Additionally, expression of the Na-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide BA receptor in continuous liver cell lines is critical for hepatitis B virus entry and robust replication in laboratory culture. Viruses are capable of hijacking normal cellular functions, and understanding the role of BAs and BA receptors, components of the enterohepatic system, is valuable for expanding our knowledge on the mechanisms of norovirus and hepatitis B and C virus replication.
Topics: Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Liver; Norovirus; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34071855
DOI: 10.3390/v13060998 -
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Oct 2018
Topics: Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Intestines; Microbiota
PubMed: 29729182
DOI: 10.1002/hep.30078 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Apr 2018Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree. They serve predominantly to mediate the content of luminal biliary fluid, which... (Review)
Review
Cholangiocytes are epithelial cells that line the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tree. They serve predominantly to mediate the content of luminal biliary fluid, which is controlled via numerous signaling pathways influenced by endogenous (e.g., bile acids, nucleotides, hormones, neurotransmitters) and exogenous (e.g., microbes/microbial products, drugs etc.) molecules. When injured, cholangiocytes undergo apoptosis/lysis, repair and proliferation. They also become senescent, a form of cell cycle arrest, which may prevent propagation of injury and/or malignant transformation. Senescent cholangiocytes can undergo further transformation to a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), where they begin secreting pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signals that may contribute to disease initiation and progression. These and other concepts related to cholangiocyte pathobiology will be reviewed herein. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Bile Duct Diseases; Bile Ducts; Cell Proliferation; Cellular Senescence; Cilia; Epithelial Cells; Humans; MicroRNAs; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 28716705
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.024 -
Chimia Dec 2022The liver fulfills many vital functions for the body, among them bile formation and detoxification. Bile salts are organic anions, are the major constituents of bile and... (Review)
Review
The liver fulfills many vital functions for the body, among them bile formation and detoxification. Bile salts are organic anions, are the major constituents of bile and are at high concentrations cytotoxic. Detoxification exposes the liver to many harmful compounds. This function is therefore potentially damaging to the liver. Impaired bile formation may lead to hepatic accumulation of bile salts and subsequently to liver disease. Diagnosis of liver diseases involves the measurement of so-called liver function parameters. This overview aims to characterize and summarize the role of organic anion transporters in bile formation at the protein level under normal physiologic conditions and in liver function tests used for diagnosing liver diseases in pathophysiologic situations.
Topics: Humans; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Liver; Liver Diseases; Organic Anion Transporters
PubMed: 38069798
DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2022.1025 -
Gut and Liver Sep 2016Cholangiocytes, the lining epithelial cells in bile ducts, are an important subset of liver cells. They are activated by endogenous and exogenous stimuli and are... (Review)
Review
Cholangiocytes, the lining epithelial cells in bile ducts, are an important subset of liver cells. They are activated by endogenous and exogenous stimuli and are involved in the modification of bile volume and composition. They are also involved in damaging and repairing the liver. Cholangiocytes have many functions including bile production. They are also involved in transport processes that regulate the volume and composition of bile. Cholangiocytes undergo proliferation and cell death under a variety of conditions. Cholangiocytes have functional and morphological heterogenecity. The immunobiology of cholangiocytes is important, particularly for understanding biliary disease. Secretion of different proinflammatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines suggests the major role that cholangiocytes play in inflammatory reactions. Furthermore, paracrine secretion of growth factors and peptides mediates extensive cross-talk with other liver cells, including hepatocytes, stellate cells, stem cells, subepithelial myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. Cholangiopathy refers to a category of chronic liver diseases whose primary disease target is the cholangiocyte. Cholangiopathy usually results in end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplant. We summarize the biology of cholangiocytes and redefine the concept of cholangiopathy. We also discuss the recent progress that has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of cholangiopathy and how such progress has influenced therapy.
Topics: Bile; Bile Ducts; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases
PubMed: 27563020
DOI: 10.5009/gnl16033 -
BioMed Research International 2021Exosomes are vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm produced by living cells and secreted into the extracellular matrix. Exosomes mediate cellular communication by... (Review)
Review
Exosomes are vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm produced by living cells and secreted into the extracellular matrix. Exosomes mediate cellular communication by carrying active molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, and liposomes. Although exosomes are found in various body fluids, little is known about bile-derived exosomes. This review is the first to summarize the methods of bile storage and isolation of biliary exosomes, highlighting the roles of bile-derived exosomes, especially exosomal noncoding RNAs, in physiological and disease states and discussing their potential clinical applications.
Topics: Bile; Biomarkers; Digestive System Diseases; Exosomes; Humans
PubMed: 33511212
DOI: 10.1155/2021/8743409