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Comprehensive Physiology Jan 2014The study of bile proteins could improve the understanding of physiological processes involved in the regulation of the hepato-biliary system. Researchers have tried for... (Review)
Review
The study of bile proteins could improve the understanding of physiological processes involved in the regulation of the hepato-biliary system. Researchers have tried for years to investigate the bile proteome but, until recently, only a few tens of proteins were known. The advent of proteomics, availing of large-scale analytical devices paired with potent bioinformatic resources, lately allowed the identification of thousands of proteins in bile. Nevertheless, the knowledge of their role in the hepato-biliary system still represents almost a "blank page in the book of physiology." In this review, we first guide the reader through the historical phases of the analysis of bile protein content, emphasizing the recent progresses achieved through the use of proteomic techniques. Thereafter, we deeply explore the involvement of bile proteins in health and disease, with a particular focus on the discovery of biomarkers for biliary tract malignancies.
Topics: Bile; Biomarkers; Cholestasis; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Proteins; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 24692135
DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130016 -
Surgery Apr 2021Long-term ex situ liver perfusion may rescue injured grafts. Little is known about bile flow during long-term perfusion. We report the development of a bile stimulation...
BACKGROUND
Long-term ex situ liver perfusion may rescue injured grafts. Little is known about bile flow during long-term perfusion. We report the development of a bile stimulation protocol and motivate bile flow as a viability marker during long-term ex situ liver perfusion.
METHODS
Porcine and human livers were perfused with blood at close to physiologic conditions. Our perfusion protocol was established during phase 1 with porcine livers (n = 23). Taurocholic acid was applied to stimulate bile flow. The addition of piperacillin-tazobactam (tazobac) and methylprednisolone was modified from daily bolus to controlled continuous application. We adapted the protocol to human livers (n = 12) during phase 2. Taurocholic acid was replaced with medical grade ursodeoxycholic acid.
RESULTS
Phase 2: Despite administering taurocholic acid, bile flow declined from 29.3 ± 6.5 to 9.3 ± 1.4 mL/h (P < .001). Shortly after bolus of tazobac/methylprednisolone, bile flow recovered to 39.0 ± 9.7 mL/h with a decrease of solid bile components. This implied bile salt independent bile flow stimulation by tazobac/methylprednisolone. Phase 2: Ursodeoxycholic acid was shown to stimulate bile flow ex situ in human livers. Eight livers were perfused successfully for 1 week with continuous bile flow. The other 4 livers demonstrated progressive cell death, of which only 1 exhibited bile flow.
CONCLUSION
A lack of bile flow stimulation leads to a decline in bile flow and is not necessarily a sign of deterioration in liver function. Proper administration of stimulators can induce constant bile flow during ex situ liver perfusion for up to 1 week. Medical grade ursodeoxycholic acid is a suitable replacement for nonmedical grade taurocholic acid. The presence of bile flow alone is not sufficient to assess liver viability.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Biomarkers; Biopsy; Female; Graft Survival; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Liver Transplantation; Models, Animal; Perfusion; Swine
PubMed: 33422346
DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.11.042 -
Forensic Science International Feb 2016In forensic toxicology, alternative matrices to blood are useful in case of limited, unavailable or unusable blood sample, suspected postmortem redistribution or long... (Review)
Review
In forensic toxicology, alternative matrices to blood are useful in case of limited, unavailable or unusable blood sample, suspected postmortem redistribution or long drug intake-to-sampling interval. The present article provides an update on the state of knowledge for the use of bile in forensic toxicology, through a review of the Medline literature from 1970 to May 2015. Bile physiology and technical aspects of analysis (sampling, storage, sample preparation and analytical methods) are reported, to highlight specificities and consequences from an analytical and interpretative point of view. A table summarizes cause of death and quantification in bile and blood of 133 compounds from more than 200 case reports, providing a useful tool for forensic physicians and toxicologists involved in interpreting bile analysis. Qualitative and quantitative interpretation is discussed. As bile/blood concentration ratios are high for numerous molecules or metabolites, bile is a matrix of choice for screening when blood concentrations are low or non-detectable: e.g., cases of weak exposure or long intake-to-death interval. Quantitative applications have been little investigated, but small molecules with low bile/blood concentration ratios seem to be good candidates for quantitative bile-based interpretation. Further experimental data on the mechanism and properties of biliary extraction of xenobiotics of forensic interest are required to improve quantitative interpretation.
Topics: Bile; Forensic Toxicology; Humans; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 26773224
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.034 -
The American Journal of Digestive... May 1969
Review
Topics: Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Biliary Tract; Bilirubin; Electrolytes; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans
PubMed: 4889767
DOI: 10.1007/BF02235947 -
Biochemical Society Transactions Dec 1987
Review
Topics: Animals; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Cell Membrane; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Micelles; Protein Binding; Proteins
PubMed: 3328715
DOI: No ID Found -
Gastroenterologia Y Hepatologia May 2004
Review
Topics: Bile; Bile Ducts; Biological Transport; Hepatocytes; Humans
PubMed: 15117613
DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(03)70469-5 -
Current Drug Targets. Immune, Endocrine... Jun 2005Biliary lipid secretion is driven by bile salts, the primary metabolites of cholesterol. Transport of bile salts as well as phospholipids and cholesterol is mediated by... (Review)
Review
Biliary lipid secretion is driven by bile salts, the primary metabolites of cholesterol. Transport of bile salts as well as phospholipids and cholesterol is mediated by ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters. Expression of these transporters is regulated in a coordinate fashion by a set of nuclear hormone receptors explaining the old observation of coupling between bile salt secretion and biliary lipid secretion. Although it is now clear which proteins are involved, the molecular mechanism of biliary lipid secretion is still unresolved. In addition, scarce information is available about the systems responsible for intracellular transport of cholesterol, phospholipid and bile salt. These issues form the subject of the review.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Animals; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol; Humans; Lipid Metabolism
PubMed: 16089344
DOI: 10.2174/1568008054064887 -
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo... Feb 2018In this paper, herbal records and studies on pharmacological activity and chemical component of pig bile were reviewed for a systematic and comprehensive summary about... (Review)
Review
In this paper, herbal records and studies on pharmacological activity and chemical component of pig bile were reviewed for a systematic and comprehensive summary about this traditional Chinese medicinal material. Beyond that, not only national standards but also local standards for the quality control of pig bile were analyzed and summarized. It is indicated that this traditional Chinese medicinal material has a broad medicinal prospect, and the standards for quality control should be revised and improved.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Quality Control; Swine
PubMed: 29600634
DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20180104.012 -
Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Dec 2015
Topics: Bile; Humans
PubMed: 26391103
DOI: 10.1002/hep.28244 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology May 2019To identify the mechanism in which way maltodextrin enhance bile tolerance in Lactobacillus plantarum Lp-115.
AIMS
To identify the mechanism in which way maltodextrin enhance bile tolerance in Lactobacillus plantarum Lp-115.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Based on determining the OD value and counting the numbers of viable cells by the pour plate method, the results showed that maltodextrin could not promote the strain growth directly, but could enhance the tolerance of bile in Lp-115. The OD value of L. plantarum Lp-115 cultured in MRSB broth with maltodextrin was three times higher than the control value. After supplementing the medium with 4·0% maltodextrin, the highest survival rate was observed when the bile concentration is 0.3%.
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, maltodextrin exhibited a significant improvement of bile tolerance and it could enhance cell hydrophobicity, shift the fatty acid composition of the membrane and induce the expression of a bile salt hydrolase gene (pva3) significantly.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This is the first report concerning the mechanism of maltodextrin enhancing the bile tolerance. This study promotes the application of maltodextrin as a choice to protect probiotic L. plantarum strains against the bile salt stress.
Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Bile; Bile Acids and Salts; Culture Media; Lactobacillus plantarum; Microbial Viability; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 30790408
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14229