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Bailliere's Clinical Gastroenterology Apr 1989
Review
Topics: Bile Pigments; Bilirubin; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Humans
PubMed: 2655756
DOI: 10.1016/0950-3528(89)90002-x -
Annual Review of Medicine 1961
Topics: Bile Pigments; Humans
PubMed: 13756562
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.me.12.020161.001235 -
Current Opinion in Gastroenterology Mar 2022The gut microbial co-metabolism of bile-derived compounds (e.g. bile acids and bile pigments) affects colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Here, we review recent findings with... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The gut microbial co-metabolism of bile-derived compounds (e.g. bile acids and bile pigments) affects colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Here, we review recent findings with focus on selected novel aspects of bile-associated effects with interesting but unclear implications on CRC risk.
RECENT FINDINGS
Numerous studies demonstrated novel biotransformation of bile acids by gut bacteria (e.g. microbial conjugation of bile acids), resulting in diverse bile acid compounds that show complex interactions with host receptors (e.g. FXR, TGR5). In addition, YAP-associated signalling in intestinal epithelial cells is modulated via bile acid receptor TGR5 and contributes to colonic tumorigenesis. Finally, studies indicate that serum levels of the bile pigment bilirubin are inversely associated with CRC risk or intestinal inflammation and that bilirubin affects gut microbiota composition.
SUMMARY
Bile acids and bile pigments have multiple effects on intestinal microbe-host interactions, which may collectively modulate long-term CRC risk of the host.
Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Bile Pigments; Bilirubin; Colorectal Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans
PubMed: 35034081
DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000820 -
BMC Gastroenterology Jul 2020Pigmented bile salts darken the small-bowel lumen and are present with bile acid, which is involved in the development of bowel habits. The small-bowel water content...
BACKGROUND
Pigmented bile salts darken the small-bowel lumen and are present with bile acid, which is involved in the development of bowel habits. The small-bowel water content (SBWC) in the ileum could represent the colonic environment, but no studies have focused on this feature. However, measurement of crude SBWC can be challenging because of the technical difficulty of the endoscopic approach without preparation. Our aim was to evaluate optically active bile pigments in the SBWC of patients with abnormal bowel habits using capsule endoscopy (CE) to investigate the impact of bile acid on bowel habits.
METHODS
The study population included 37 constipated patients, 20 patients with diarrhea, and 77 patients with normal bowel habits who underwent CE between January 2015 and May 2018. Patients with secondary abnormal bowel habits were excluded. In addition to conventional imaging, we used flexible spectral imaging color enhancement (FICE) setting 1 imaging, in which the effects of bile pigments on color are suppressed. Intergroup color differences of SBWC in the ileum (ΔE) were evaluated from conventional and FICE setting 1 images. Color values were assessed using the CIE L*a*b* color space. Differences in SBWC lightness (black to white, range 0-100) were also evaluated.
RESULTS
The ΔE values from the comparison of conventional images between patients with constipation and with normal bowel habits and between patients with diarrhea and with normal bowel habits were 12.4 and 11.2, respectively. These values decreased to 4.4 and 3.3, respectively, when FICE setting 1 images were evaluated. Patients with constipation and diarrhea had significantly brighter (34.4 versus 27.6, P < .0001) and darker (19.6 versus 27.6, P < .0001) SBWC lightness, respectively, than patients with normal bowel habits. The FICE setting 1 images did not reveal significant differences in SBWC lightness between those with constipation and with normal bowel habits (44.1 versus 43.5, P = .83) or between those with diarrhea and with normal bowel habits (39.1 versus 43.5, P = .20).
CONCLUSIONS
Differences in SBWC color and darkness in the ileum appear to be attributable to bile pigments. Therefore, bile pigments in SBWC may reflect bowel habits.
Topics: Bile Pigments; Capsule Endoscopy; Habits; Humans; Image Enhancement; Retrospective Studies; Water
PubMed: 32703159
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01382-0 -
Gastroenterology Clinics of North... Mar 1991Black and brown pigment gallstones are morphologically, compositionally, and clinically distinct. Black stones form primarily in the gallbladder in sterile bile and are... (Review)
Review
Black and brown pigment gallstones are morphologically, compositionally, and clinically distinct. Black stones form primarily in the gallbladder in sterile bile and are associated with advanced age, chronic hemolysis, alcoholism, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, and total parenteral nutrition. Brown stones form not only within the gallbladder but also within the intrahepatic and extrahepatic ducts; they are uniformly infected with enteric bacteria and are usually associated with ascending cholangitis. Brown stones are related to juxtapapillary duodenal diverticula and are the predominant type of de novo common bile duct stones. Cholecystectomy is usually curative in black pigment stone disease, whereas stones often recur after cholecystectomy for brown stone disease. The pathogenesis of black stones is probably related to nonbacterial, nonenzymatic hydrolysis of bilirubin conjugates. At the pH of bile, this results in two monohydrogenated bilirubin anions that precipitate with calcium ions. Bilirubin monoconjugates that are increased in several conditions, such as Gilbert's syndrome and chronic hemolysis, may play a pivotal role in black stone formation as a source of unconjugated monohydrogenated bilirubin and as a possible co-precipitant with calcium. The precipitation of calcium carbonate and phosphate is influenced by local gallbladder factors. Brown pigment stones are formed in bile infected with enteric bacteria that elaborate hydrolytic enzymes: beta-glucuronidase, phospholipase A, and conjugated bile acid hydrolase. The resulting anions of bilirubin and fatty acids form insoluble calcium salts. We used nb/nb mice with a chronic hemolytic anemia as a model of hemolysis-induced black stone disease. The presence of 40% bilirubin monoconjugates in mouse gallstones indicated the importance of this moiety in the pathogenesis of black stones. Other data obtained by marrow transplantation experiments in mice revealed the relative importance of genotype versus the hemolytic anemia on determinants such as biliary bile acid composition and mucin secretory glands in the mouse gallbladder neck. Additional physical chemical studies of the interaction of unconjugated bilirubin in model bile solutions will be helpful in further delineating the pathogenesis of both black and brown pigment gallstones.
Topics: Animals; Bile; Bile Pigments; Cholelithiasis; Humans; Mice
PubMed: 2022417
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Medicinae Okayama Apr 1969
Review
Topics: Acetates; Bile Pigments; Bilirubin; Biological Transport; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Digestive System; Liver; Models, Structural; Molecular Weight; Proteins; Urobilin; Zinc
PubMed: 4242308
DOI: No ID Found -
Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of... Sep 1999
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British Journal of Pharmacology Dec 2011Bilirubin and biliverdin possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and their exogenous administration protects against the effects of inflammation and trauma...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Bilirubin and biliverdin possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and their exogenous administration protects against the effects of inflammation and trauma in experimental models. Despite the therapeutic potential of bile pigments, little is known about their in vivo parenteral or enteral absorption after exogenous administration. This study investigated the absorption and pharmacokinetics of bile pigments after i.v., i.p. and intraduodenal (i.d.) administration in addition to their metabolism and routes of excretion.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Anaesthetized Wistar rats had their bile duct, jugular and portal veins cannulated. Bile pigments were infused and their circulating concentrations/biliary excretion were measured over 180 min. KEY RESULTS After i.v. administration of unconjugated bilirubin, biliverdin and bilirubin ditaurate, their plasma concentrations decreased exponentially over time. Subsequently, native and metabolized compounds appeared in the bile. When administered i.p., their absolute bioavailabilities equalled 14.0, 16.1 and 33.1%, respectively, and correspondingly 38, 28 and 34% of the same bile pigment doses were excreted in the bile. Administration of unconjugated bilirubin and bilirubin ditaurate i.d. increased their portal and systemic concentrations and their systemic bioavailability equalled 1.0 and 2.0%, respectively. Correspondingly, 2.7 and 4.6%, of the doses were excreted in the bile. Biliverdin was rapidly metabolized and these products were absorbed and excreted via the urine and bile.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Bile pigment absorption from the peritoneal and duodenal cavities demonstrate new routes of administration for the treatment of inflammatory and traumatic pathology. Oral biliverdin administration may lead to the production of active metabolite that protect from inflammation/complement activation.
Topics: Absorption; Animals; Bile; Bilirubin; Biliverdine; Biological Availability; Duodenum; Gastrointestinal Contents; Injections; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Peritoneal Cavity; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Taurine
PubMed: 21486273
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01413.x -
Comparative Biochemistry and... 1979Breakdown of haem which is of key importance in most organisms, involves oxidative CO-evolving cleavage of the macrocyclic ring with formation of biliverdin-IX. In two... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Breakdown of haem which is of key importance in most organisms, involves oxidative CO-evolving cleavage of the macrocyclic ring with formation of biliverdin-IX. In two major pathways established so far formation of biliverdin-IX alpha is followed by (a) biliary secretion or (b) reduction to bilirubin-IX alpha, formation of more hydrophilic derivatives (usually glycosidic conjugates) and biliary secretion. The scattered comparative information available indicates marked species variation with regard to the methin-bridge carbon atom removed from haem and the metabolic site of cleavage, the nature of bilirubin conjugates and the developmental sequence of maturation of enzyme activities and transport proteins involved in the chain of events leading from breakdown of haem to the excretion of the final end products.
Topics: Animals; Bile Pigments; In Vitro Techniques
PubMed: 400953
DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90151-2 -
Seminars in Hematology Jan 1972
Review
Topics: Aldehydes; Bile Pigments; Bilirubin; Carbon Isotopes; Digestive System; Duodenum; Feces; Heme; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Large; Nitrogen Isotopes; Oxidation-Reduction; Portal System; Pyrroles; Urobilinogen; Zinc
PubMed: 4550944
DOI: No ID Found