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The British Journal of Ophthalmology Nov 1968
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Aqueous Humor; Bilirubin; Cattle; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, Paper; Electroretinography; Gangliosides; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lipids; Middle Aged; Rabbits; Retina; Retinal Hemorrhage; Vision Disorders; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 5696908
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.52.11.808 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2022Sallow and/or dull skin appearance is greatly attributable to the yellow components of skin tone. Bilirubin is a yellow chromophore known to be made in the liver and/or...
Sallow and/or dull skin appearance is greatly attributable to the yellow components of skin tone. Bilirubin is a yellow chromophore known to be made in the liver and/or spleen and is transported throughout the body via the blood stream. Recent publications suggest bilirubin may be synthesized in other cells/organs, including the skin. We found human keratinocytes express the transcripts involved in bilirubin biosynthesis. In parallel, we also found human keratinocytes could indeed synthesize bilirubin in monolayer keratinocytes and in a 3D human skin-equivalent model. The synthesized amount was substantial enough to contribute to skin yellowness. In addition, oxidative stress enhanced bilirubin production. Using UnaG, a protein that forms a fluorescent species upon binding to bilirubin, we also visualized the intracellular expression of bilirubin in keratinocytes. Finally, we screened a compound library and discovered that the sucrose laurate/dilaurate (SDL) combination significantly reduced bilirubin levels, as well as bilirubin-mediated yellowness. In conclusion, bilirubin is indeed synthesized in epidermal keratinocytes and can be upregulated by oxidative stress, which could contribute to chronic or transient yellow skin tone appearance. Application of SDL diminishes bilirubin generation and may be a potential solution to mitigate yellowish and/or dull skin appearance.
Topics: Bilirubin; Epidermis; Humans; Keratinocytes; Skin; Sucrose
PubMed: 35682565
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115884 -
American Family Physician May 2008Kernicterus and neurologic sequelae caused by severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are preventable conditions. A structured and practical approach to the identification... (Review)
Review
Kernicterus and neurologic sequelae caused by severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are preventable conditions. A structured and practical approach to the identification and care of infants with jaundice can facilitate prevention, thus decreasing rates of morbidity and mortality. Primary prevention includes ensuring adequate feeding, with breastfed infants having eight to 12 feedings per 24 hours. Secondary prevention is achieved by vigilant monitoring of neonatal jaundice, identifying infants at risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia, and ensuring timely outpatient follow-up within 24 to 72 hours of discharge. Total serum bilirubin or transcutaneous bilirubin levels should be routinely monitored in all newborns, and these measurements must be plotted on a nomogram according to the infant's age in hours. The resultant low-, intermediate-, or high-risk zones, in addition to the infant's risk factors, can guide timing of postdischarge follow-up. Another nomogram that consists of age in hours, risk factors, and total bilirubin levels can provide guidance on when to initiate phototherapy. If the infant requires phototherapy or if the bilirubin level is increasing rapidly, further work-up is indicated.
Topics: Bilirubin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Jaundice, Neonatal
PubMed: 18540490
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and... Dec 2022Bilirubin (BR) is the final product of haem catabolism. Disruptions along BR metabolic/transport pathways resulting from inherited disorders can increase plasma BR... (Review)
Review
Bilirubin (BR) is the final product of haem catabolism. Disruptions along BR metabolic/transport pathways resulting from inherited disorders can increase plasma BR concentration (hyperbilirubinaemia). Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia may induce BR accumulation in brain, potentially causing irreversible neurological damage, a condition known as BR encephalopathy or kernicterus, to which newborns are especially vulnerable. Numerous pharmaceutical strategies, mostly based on hemoperfusion, have been proposed over the last decades to identify new valid, low-risk alternatives for BR removal from plasma. On the other hand, accumulating evidence indicates that BR produces health benefits due to its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory action with a significant potential for the treatment of a multitude of diseases. The present manuscript reviews both such aspects of BR pharmacology, gathering literature data on applied pharmaceutical strategies adopted to: (i) reduce the plasma BR concentration for preventing neurotoxicity; (ii) produce a therapeutic effect based on BR efficacy in the treatment of many disorders.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Bilirubin; Humans; Neuroinflammatory Diseases
PubMed: 34986721
DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.2020773 -
Journal of Medicine and Life Nov 2023Previous evidence has shown an association between serum ferritin and bilirubin levels in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and glycemic control....
Previous evidence has shown an association between serum ferritin and bilirubin levels in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and glycemic control. However, the evidence is scarce in Saudi Arabia. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between serum ferritin and bilirubin levels with glycemic control in patients with T2DM. This was a cross-sectional study that involved 153 patients with T2DM recruited from outpatient diabetes clinics. Participants were categorized into two groups: well-controlled and uncontrolled T2DM, based on their glycemic status. We focused on comparing the iron profile and bilirubin levels between these two groups and examining the influence of antidiabetic medications on these parameters. A total of 153 patients with T2DM were included (58.2% women and 41.8% men). In both univariate and multivariate analyses, ferritin levels did not have a statistically significant association with glycemic control. However, patients with well-controlled T2DM had a significantly higher median level of total bilirubin and direct bilirubin than those with uncontrolled T2DM. Only direct bilirubin showed a statistically significant association with FBG less than 130 mg/dl and HbA1c level less than 7.0%. Ferritin level was not associated with glycemic control in patients with T2DM. On the other hand, direct bilirubin level was an independent predictor of better glycemic control. Monitoring direct bilirubin levels could aid in predicting glycemic control in T2DM and could be a potential target for developing antidiabetic medications.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Bilirubin; Glycemic Control; Cross-Sectional Studies; Hypoglycemic Agents; Ferritins; Blood Glucose
PubMed: 38406782
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0136 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Jul 2020Activation of lipid-burning pathways in the fat-storing white adipose tissue (WAT) is a promising strategy to improve metabolic health and reduce obesity, insulin...
Activation of lipid-burning pathways in the fat-storing white adipose tissue (WAT) is a promising strategy to improve metabolic health and reduce obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes. For unknown reasons, bilirubin levels are negatively associated with obesity and diabetes. Here, using mice and an array of approaches, including MRI to assess body composition, biochemical assays to measure bilirubin and fatty acids, MitoTracker-based mitochondrial analysis, immunofluorescence, and high-throughput coregulator analysis, we show that bilirubin functions as a molecular switch for the nuclear receptor transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Bilirubin exerted its effects by recruiting and dissociating specific coregulators in WAT, driving the expression of PPARα target genes such as uncoupling protein 1 () and adrenoreceptor β 3 (). We also found that bilirubin is a selective ligand for PPARα and does not affect the activities of the related proteins PPARγ and PPARδ. We further found that diet-induced obese mice with mild hyperbilirubinemia have reduced WAT size and an increased number of mitochondria, associated with a restructuring of PPARα-binding coregulators. We conclude that bilirubin strongly affects organismal body weight by reshaping the PPARα coregulator profile, remodeling WAT to improve metabolic function, and reducing fat accumulation.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, White; Animals; Bilirubin; Gene Expression Regulation; Mice; Mitochondria; PPAR alpha; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3; Uncoupling Protein 1
PubMed: 32404366
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.013700 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Mar 2020Bilirubin has been involved in the process of ageing and the pathology of ageing-related diseases. Circulating bilirubin is mainly derived from the clearance of...
BACKGROUND
Bilirubin has been involved in the process of ageing and the pathology of ageing-related diseases. Circulating bilirubin is mainly derived from the clearance of disintegrated erythrocytes in the blood. However, the change of serum bilirubin level and its regulation during ageing and in ageing-related diseases remain to be elucidated.
METHODS
A retrospective study was conducted by analyzing the blood cell test results and liver function results of 14,049 healthy research subjects at the Physical Examination Center and 2052 patients with various types of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) at the Department of Cardiology in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. Spearman correlation analysis and linear-regression analysis were used for correlation studies. Differences between male and female were investigated.
RESULTS
Whereas the erythrocyte counts continuously decreased along with age, the proportion of aged erythrocytes was significantly increased in both male and female. The level of total circulating bilirubin was positively correlated with age and erythrocyte counts. The increase of bilirubin was associated with the increased morphological deviation of erythrocytes during ageing. Compared with health controls, the level of circulating bilirubin in CVD patients was significantly decreased consistent with the decline of erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin.
CONCLUSIONS
Ageing may be accompanied by an increased ageing rate of erythrocytes, which contributes to the ageing-related decline of erythrocyte counts. Both erythrocyte counts and the proportion of aged erythrocytes coordinately might determine the circulating level of bilirubin during ageing. In CVD, the decline of circulating bilirubin may be largely attributed to concurrent anemia.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Bilirubin; Cardiovascular Diseases; Erythrocyte Aging; Erythrocytes; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 31862475
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109744 -
JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical... 2018In pleural effusion, differentiating exudative and transudative fluid is an important clinical evaluation. The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of...
INTRODUCTION
In pleural effusion, differentiating exudative and transudative fluid is an important clinical evaluation. The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy of pleural fluid serum bilirubin ratio in differentiating exudative and transudative effusions. In resource-limited settings with no facilities to measure lactate dehydrogenase levels, using pleural fluid bilirubin ratio may help in better clinical decision.
METHODS
It was a cross sectional study, conducted in the emergency department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. All the patients attending for emergency care with pleural effusion from 6th Jan 2015 to 5th Jan 2016 were included. The cases were divided as exudates and transudates on basis of final diagnosis. Serum and pleural fluid specimen were collected and sent for investigations. The data for various laboratory parameters especially those of lights criteria and bilirubin ratio were then analyzed and fluid nature was compared with results from parameters and final diagnoses.
RESULTS
Among 103 cases, 74 (71.84%) had exudate and 29 (28.16%) had transudate. The commonest cause of effusion was pneumonia 37 (35.92%), second being tubercular 24 (23.30%) followed by malignant effusion 13 (12.60%), congestive heart failure 12 (11.65%), chronic kidney disease 11 (10.67%) and liver cirrhosis 6 (5.82%). The mean bilirubin ratio for exudates exceeded that for transudates. Considering the cutoff point of 0.6, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were respectively 88.00%, 93.00%, 97.00% & 75.00%.
CONCLUSIONS
Pleural fluid serum bilirubin ratio can be utilized as a diagnostic tool for differentiating exudative and transudative effusions.
Topics: Aged; Bilirubin; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnosis, Differential; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nepal; Pleural Effusion; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity; Urine Specimen Collection
PubMed: 30381760
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Oct 2023Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP) poses significant challenges in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patient management and outcomes. Total bilirubin has gained...
Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP) poses significant challenges in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patient management and outcomes. Total bilirubin has gained attention due to its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. However, its relationship with PDAP prognosis remains underexplored. We conducted a retrospective single-center study involving 243 PDAP patients stratified into tertile-based groups according to total bilirubin levels. The association between total bilirubin levels and treatment failure risk was investigated through statistical analyses and restricted cubic spline curve analysis. Our analysis revealed a non-linear correlation between total bilirubin levels and PDAP treatment failure risk. At total bilirubin levels below 8.24 µmol/L, a protective effect was observed, while levels exceeding this threshold heightened the risk of treatment failure. This study unveils a dual role of total bilirubin in PDAP prognosis. Below a certain threshold, it confers protection, while higher levels exacerbate the risk of treatment failure. These findings emphasize the need for further investigation in larger, multicenter prospective studies to validate and elucidate the mechanisms behind bilirubin's impact on PDAP, potentially guiding the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Humans; Retrospective Studies; Prospective Studies; Peritoneal Dialysis; Prognosis; Peritonitis; Bilirubin
PubMed: 37893555
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101837 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2021Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder and one of its characteristics is cognitive impairments. Findings regarding levels of the heme metabolite and plasma...
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder and one of its characteristics is cognitive impairments. Findings regarding levels of the heme metabolite and plasma antioxidant bilirubin in schizophrenia are inconclusive. However, a recently published study indicate that low levels of bilirubin may be implicated in the memory impairments seen in the disorder. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the levels of bilirubin in individuals with a first-episode psychosis (FEP) and to examine if bilirubin levels were associated to cognitive impairments, symptoms and duration of untreated psychosis (DUP). Bilirubin levels were reduced in 39 individuals with FEP compared with 20 HC (median [IQR]: 11.0 [9.0-13.0] µM vs. 15.0 [11.5-18.5] µM). In individuals with FEP, bilirubin levels were also positively correlated to two working memory tests (r = 0.40 and r = 0.32) and inversely correlated to DUP (r = - 0.36). Findings were not influenced by confounding factors. The results confirm the antioxidant deficit previously seen in schizophrenia, but also indicate that these changes may be related to DUP. The study also confirms that bilirubin may be implicated in the cognitive deficits that accompanies the disorder, here for the first time presented in individuals with FEP.
Topics: Adult; Bilirubin; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Memory, Short-Term; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Sweden; Time Factors
PubMed: 33824398
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87096-z