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Indian Journal of Ophthalmology May 2023Amblyopia is a monocular or binocular reduction in visual acuity that results from prolonged visual deprivation in the early years of life. It is second only to... (Review)
Review
Amblyopia is a monocular or binocular reduction in visual acuity that results from prolonged visual deprivation in the early years of life. It is second only to refractive error as a cause of poor vision in children. The gold standard treatment of amblyopia includes patching and, less commonly, atropine penalization and filters. These therapies are aimed at improvements in the visual acuity of the amblyopic eye alone. They have compliance and psychosocial issues and gains are accrued after prolonged periods. Experimental studies have demonstrated the presence of binocular cortical communication even in amblyopes and neural plasticity in late childhood as well as adulthood. On this basis, binocular vision therapy aimed at the stimulation of both eyes rather than forced use of the amblyopic eye was developed. Such therapies involve visual tasks designed in such a way that they can be completed only by binocular viewing. These tasks vary from simple game play using red-green glasses, to engaging 3D games and movie viewing. Preliminary data suggest that binocular vision therapy has led to lasting improvements in visual acuity and can be a useful adjunct, if not replacement, to the conventional treatment of amblyopia. In this article, we aim to describe the various binocular vision therapies and review the available literature on the same.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adult; Amblyopia; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity; Eye; Vision, Low
PubMed: 37203032
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_3098_22 -
Vision Research Apr 2011This essay reviews major developments - empirical and theoretical - in the field of binocular vision during the last 25years. We limit our survey primarily to work on... (Review)
Review
This essay reviews major developments - empirical and theoretical - in the field of binocular vision during the last 25years. We limit our survey primarily to work on human stereopsis, binocular rivalry and binocular contrast summation, with discussion where relevant of single-unit neurophysiology and human brain imaging. We identify several key controversies that have stimulated important work on these problems. In the case of stereopsis those controversies include position vs. phase encoding of disparity, dependence of disparity limits on spatial scale, role of occlusion in binocular depth and surface perception, and motion in 3D. In the case of binocular rivalry, controversies include eye vs. stimulus rivalry, role of "top-down" influences on rivalry dynamics, and the interaction of binocular rivalry and stereopsis. Concerning binocular contrast summation, the essay focuses on two representative models that highlight the evolving complexity in this field of study.
Topics: Attention; Humans; Vision Disparity; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex; Visual Perception
PubMed: 20951722
DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.009 -
Annual Review of Vision Science Sep 2021Most animals have at least some binocular overlap, i.e., a region of space that is viewed by both eyes. This reduces the overall visual field and raises the problem of... (Review)
Review
Most animals have at least some binocular overlap, i.e., a region of space that is viewed by both eyes. This reduces the overall visual field and raises the problem of combining two views of the world, seen from different vantage points, into a coherent whole. However, binocular vision also offers many potential advantages, including increased ability to see around obstacles and increased contrast sensitivity. One particularly interesting use for binocular vision is comparing information from both eyes to derive information about depth. There are many different ways in which this might be done, but in this review, I refer to them all under the general heading of stereopsis. This review examines the different possible uses of binocular vision and stereopsis and compares what is currently known about the neural basis of stereopsis in different taxa. Studying different animals helps us break free of preconceptions stemming from the way that stereopsis operates in human vision and provides new insights into the different possible forms of stereopsis.
Topics: Animals; Contrast Sensitivity; Depth Perception; Vision, Binocular; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 34283925
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-093019-113212 -
Journal of Cataract and Refractive... Oct 2013
Topics: Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Humans; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 24075155
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2013.08.017 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Mar 2019To review binocular and accommodative disorders documented after corneal or intraocular refractive surgery, in normal healthy prepresbyopic patients. A bibliographic... (Review)
Review
To review binocular and accommodative disorders documented after corneal or intraocular refractive surgery, in normal healthy prepresbyopic patients. A bibliographic revision was performed; it included works published before 1st July 2017 where accommodation and/or binocularity was assessed following any type of refractive surgical procedure. The search in Pubmed yielded 1273 papers, 95 of which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Few publications reporting binocular vision and/or accommodative changes after refractive surgery in normal subjects were found. The reduction in fusional vergence is the most frequently reported alteration. Anisometropia is an important risk factor for postoperative binocular vision-related complaints. Most diplopia-related visual complaints, irrespective of the surgical procedure, were in fact misdiagnosed preoperative disorders. The preoperative evaluation of patients seeking spectacle/contact lens independence should include a complete binocular and accommodation assessment where parameters such as the phoric posture, accommodative amplitude and facility, near point of convergence, fusional reserves and accommodative convergence/accommodation coefficient are measured. This would allow the identification of risk factors that could compromise the success of the refractive surgery and cause clinical symptoms.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Cataract Extraction; Diplopia; Humans; Postoperative Complications; Refractive Surgical Procedures; Vision Tests; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 30218490
DOI: 10.1111/aos.13891 -
Journal of Optometry 2021
Topics: Depth Perception; Humans; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 34176573
DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2021.06.001 -
Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics : the... Mar 2014The amblyopic visual system was once considered to be structurally monocular. However, it now evident that the capacity for binocular vision is present in many observers... (Review)
Review
The amblyopic visual system was once considered to be structurally monocular. However, it now evident that the capacity for binocular vision is present in many observers with amblyopia. This has led to new techniques for quantifying suppression that have provided insights into the relationship between suppression and the monocular and binocular visual deficits experienced by amblyopes. Furthermore, new treatments are emerging that directly target suppressive interactions within the visual cortex and, on the basis of initial data, appear to improve both binocular and monocular visual function, even in adults with amblyopia. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies that have investigated the structure, measurement and treatment of binocular vision in observers with strabismic, anisometropic and mixed amblyopia.
Topics: Amblyopia; Humans; Photic Stimulation; Vision, Binocular; Visual Cortex
PubMed: 24588532
DOI: 10.1111/opo.12123 -
Journal of Cataract and Refractive... Oct 2001
Topics: Cataract; Cataract Extraction; Humans; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 11687330
DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(01)01164-6 -
PsyCh Journal Jun 2021We see the world with two eyes. Binocular vision provides more ample information through interocular interaction. Previous studies have shown that aging impairs a...
We see the world with two eyes. Binocular vision provides more ample information through interocular interaction. Previous studies have shown that aging impairs a variety of visual functions, but how aging affects binocular vision is still unclear. In this study, we measured three typical binocular functions-binocular combination, binocular rivalry, and stereo vision-to investigate aging-related effects on binocular vision in a relatively large sample (48 younger adults and 27 older adults) with normal or corrected-to-normal distance vision and no ophthalmological and mental diseases. We found that there were no consistent aging-related declines in binocular vision, with the worst effect on alternation frequency in binocular rivalry and no effect on binocular phase combination and stereo vision tested by Titmus. In addition, aging changed the correlation pattern among some of these binocular functions. These results reflected (at least partially) different aging-related mechanism(s) in binocular vision.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Humans; Vision Disparity; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 33686774
DOI: 10.1002/pchj.437 -
Journal of Vision Apr 2019The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between binocular vision and fixation stability (FS). Across three experiments, we investigated (a) whether fixation...
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between binocular vision and fixation stability (FS). Across three experiments, we investigated (a) whether fixation was more stable during binocular versus monocular viewing across a range of stimulus contrasts in normal observers (n = 11), (b) whether binocular rivalry affected FS in normal observers (n = 14), and (c) whether FS was affected by interocular contrast differences in normal observers (n = 8) and patients with anisometropic amblyopia (n = 5). FS was quantified using global bivariate contour ellipse area, and microsaccades were detected using an unsupervised cluster-detection method. In normal observers, binocular viewing showed more stable fixation at all stimulus contrasts, and binocular rivalry did not affect FS. When interocular contrast was manipulated under dichoptic viewing conditions, normal observers exhibited less stable fixation for an eye that viewed 0% contrast (no fixation target). In anisometropic amblyopia, fixation was less stable in both eyes when the fellow eye viewed at 0% contrast. No effects were observed at other interocular contrast differences. Overall, binocular FS was impaired in both eyes in anisometropic amblyopia compared to normal observers. We conclude that binocular vision influences FS in normal observers but in an all-or-nothing fashion, whereby the presence or absence of a binocular target is important rather than the relative contrast of the targets in each eye. In anisometropic amblyopia, the fellow eye appears to control FS of both eyes under dichoptic viewing conditions.
Topics: Adult; Amblyopia; Eye Movements; Female; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Male; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 30943531
DOI: 10.1167/19.4.9