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International Journal of Cosmetic... Aug 2022The face is a cosmetically sensitive region where the process of ageing is most clearly manifested. With increased focus on anti-ageing and longevity, more... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The face is a cosmetically sensitive region where the process of ageing is most clearly manifested. With increased focus on anti-ageing and longevity, more anti-senescent treatments are being proposed despite limited evidence. This study outlines the pathways and mechanisms underpinning the biological process of ageing in the face.
METHODS
Comprehensive searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and CINAHL from inception to 2020. Inclusion criteria included all empirical human research studies specific to facial ageing features, written in the English language.
RESULTS
A total of 65 papers met inclusion criteria for analysis. Pathways were subdivided into intrinsic and extrinsic senescence mechanisms. Intrinsic pathways included genetics, generation of reactive oxygen species and hormonal changes. Extrinsic pathways included photoageing and damage to skin layers. The combined intrinsic and extrinsic pathway alterations result in wrinkles, higher laxity, slackness and thinning of the skin. Skin functions such as barrier immune function, wound healing, thermoregulation and sensory function are also impaired.
CONCLUSION
The ageing process is unique to the individual and depends on the interplay between an individual's genetics and external environmental factors. Through understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms, an appreciation of the consequent structural and functional changes can be achieved. Based on this knowledge, further research can focus on how to slow or impede the ageing process and identify specific targets to develop and evolve new treatment strategies.
Topics: Aging; Face; Humans; Skin; Skin Aging; Wound Healing
PubMed: 35426152
DOI: 10.1111/ics.12779 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Feb 2021The immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms to restrict microbial infections and regulate inflammatory responses. Without appropriate regulation, infection-induced... (Review)
Review
The immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms to restrict microbial infections and regulate inflammatory responses. Without appropriate regulation, infection-induced inflammatory pathology can be deadly. The innate immune system recognizes the microbial molecules conserved in many pathogens and engages a rapid response by producing inflammatory mediators and activating programmed cell death pathways, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Activation of pattern recognition receptors, in combination with inflammatory cytokine-induced signaling through death domain-containing receptors, initiates a highly interconnected cell death process called PANoptosis (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis). Broadly speaking, PANoptosis is critical for restricting a wide range of pathogens (including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites), which we describe in this review. We propose that re-examining the role of cell death and inflammatory cytokines through the lens of PANoptosis will advance our understanding of host-pathogen evolution and may reveal new treatment strategies for controlling a wide range of infectious diseases.
Topics: Apoptosis; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biological Evolution; Cell Death; Fungi; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Infections; Necroptosis; Pyroptosis; Virus Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 32829024
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.07.012 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Gasdermin D (GSDMD) serves as a key executor to trigger pyroptosis and is emerging as an attractive checkpoint in host defense, inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, and... (Review)
Review
Gasdermin D (GSDMD) serves as a key executor to trigger pyroptosis and is emerging as an attractive checkpoint in host defense, inflammatory, autoimmune diseases, and many other systemic diseases. Although canonical and non-canonical inflammasome-mediated classic GSDMD cleavage, GSDMD-NT migration to cell membrane, GSDMD-NT oligomerization, and pore forming have been well recognized, a few unique features of GSDMD in specific condition beyond its classic function, including non-lytic function of GSDMD, the modification and regulating mechanism of GSDMD signaling have also come to great attention and played a crucial role in biological processes and diseases. In the current review, we emphasized the GSDMD protein expression, stabilization, modification, activation, pore formation, and repair during pyroptosis, especially the regulation and modification of GSDMD signaling, such as GSDMD complex in polyubiquitination and non-pyroptosis release of IL-1β, ADP-riboxanation, NINJ1 in pore forming, GSDMD binding protein TRIM21, GSDMD succination, and Regulator-Rag-mTOR-ROS regulation of GSDMD. We also discussed the novel therapeutic strategies of targeting GSDMD and summarized recently identified inhibitors with great prospect.
Topics: Biological Phenomena; Inflammasomes; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Phosphate-Binding Proteins; Pyroptosis
PubMed: 35774778
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893912 -
Physiological Reviews Jul 2022Optogenetics combines light and genetics to enable precise control of living cells, tissues, and organisms with tailored functions. Optogenetics has the advantages of... (Review)
Review
Optogenetics combines light and genetics to enable precise control of living cells, tissues, and organisms with tailored functions. Optogenetics has the advantages of noninvasiveness, rapid responsiveness, tunable reversibility, and superior spatiotemporal resolution. Following the initial discovery of microbial opsins as light-actuated ion channels, a plethora of naturally occurring or engineered photoreceptors or photosensitive domains that respond to light at varying wavelengths has ushered in the next chapter of optogenetics. Through protein engineering and synthetic biology approaches, genetically encoded photoswitches can be modularly engineered into protein scaffolds or host cells to control a myriad of biological processes, as well as to enable behavioral control and disease intervention in vivo. Here, we summarize these optogenetic tools on the basis of their fundamental photochemical properties to better inform the chemical basis and design principles. We also highlight exemplary applications of opsin-free optogenetics in dissecting cellular physiology (designated "optophysiology") and describe the current progress, as well as future trends, in wireless optogenetics, which enables remote interrogation of physiological processes with minimal invasiveness. This review is anticipated to spark novel thoughts on engineering next-generation optogenetic tools and devices that promise to accelerate both basic and translational studies.
Topics: Biological Phenomena; Humans; Ion Channels; Optogenetics; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35072525
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2021 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022The yeast has been used for bread making and beer brewing for thousands of years. In addition, its ease of manipulation, well-annotated genome, expansive molecular... (Review)
Review
The yeast has been used for bread making and beer brewing for thousands of years. In addition, its ease of manipulation, well-annotated genome, expansive molecular toolbox, and its strong conservation of basic eukaryotic biology also make it a prime model for eukaryotic cell biology and genetics. In this review, we discuss the characteristics that made yeast such an extensively used model organism and specifically focus on the DNA damage response pathway as a prime example of how research in helped elucidate a highly conserved biological process. In addition, we also highlight differences in the DNA damage response of and humans and discuss the challenges of using as a model system.
Topics: Biological Phenomena; Biology; Cell Cycle Checkpoints; DNA Damage; Eukaryotic Cells; Humans; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 36232965
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911665 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Apr 2019Homeostasis is a founding principle of integrative physiology. In current systems biology, however, homeostasis seems almost invisible. Is homeostasis a key goal driving... (Review)
Review
Homeostasis is a founding principle of integrative physiology. In current systems biology, however, homeostasis seems almost invisible. Is homeostasis a key goal driving body processes, or is it an emergent mechanistic fact? In this perspective piece, I propose that the integrative physiological and systems biological viewpoints about homeostasis reflect different epistemologies, different philosophies of knowledge. Integrative physiology is concept driven. It attempts to explain biological phenomena by continuous formation of theories that experimentation or observation can test. In integrative physiology, "function" refers to goals or purposes. Systems biology is data driven. It explains biological phenomena in terms of "omics"-i.e., genomics, gene expression, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-it depicts the data in computer models of complex cascades or networks, and it makes predictions from the models. In systems biology, "function" refers more to mechanisms than to goals. The integrative physiologist emphasizes homeostasis of internal variables such as Pco and blood pressure. The systems biologist views these emphases as teleological and unparsimonious in that the "regulated variable" (e.g., arterial Pco and blood pressure) and the "regulator" (e.g., the "carbistat" and "barostat") are unobservable constructs. The integrative physiologist views systems biological explanations as not really explanations but descriptions that cannot account for phenomena we humans believe exist, although they cannot be observed directly, such as feelings and, ultimately, the conscious mind. This essay reviews the history of the two epistemologies, emphasizing autonomic neuroscience. I predict rapprochement of integrative physiology with systems biology. The resolution will avoid teleological purposiveness, transcend pure mechanism, and incorporate adaptiveness in evolution, i.e., "Darwinian medicine."
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Homeostasis; Humans; Physiological Phenomena; Physiology; Systems Biology
PubMed: 30649893
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00396.2018 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Oct 2017Antibiotic lethality is a complex physiological process, sensitive to external cues. Recent advances using systems approaches have revealed how events downstream of... (Review)
Review
Antibiotic lethality is a complex physiological process, sensitive to external cues. Recent advances using systems approaches have revealed how events downstream of primary target inhibition actively participate in antibiotic death processes. In particular, altered metabolism, translational stress and DNA damage each contribute to antibiotic-induced cell death. Moreover, environmental factors such as oxygen availability, extracellular metabolites, population heterogeneity and multidrug contexts alter antibiotic efficacy by impacting bacterial metabolism and stress responses. Here we review recent studies on antibiotic efficacy and highlight insights gained on the involvement of cellular respiration, redox stress and altered metabolism in antibiotic lethality. We discuss the complexity found in natural environments and highlight knowledge gaps in antibiotic lethality that may be addressed using systems approaches.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Environment; Microbial Viability; Models, Biological; Oxygen
PubMed: 29049930
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.09.002 -
The Journal of General and Applied... Jun 2020Photosynthesis is a biological process of energy conversion from solar radiation to useful organic compounds for the photosynthetic organisms themselves. It, thereby,... (Review)
Review
Photosynthesis is a biological process of energy conversion from solar radiation to useful organic compounds for the photosynthetic organisms themselves. It, thereby, also plays a role of food production for almost all animals on the Earth. The utilization of photosynthesis as an artificial carbon cycle is also attracting a lot of attention regarding its benefits for human life. Hydrogen and biofuels, obtained from photosynthetic microorganisms, such as microalgae and cyanobacteria, will be promising products as energy and material resources. Considering that the efficiency of bioenergy production is insufficient to replace fossil fuels at present, techniques for the industrial utilization of photosynthesis processes need to be developed intensively. Increase in the efficiency of photosynthesis, the yields of target substances, and the growth rates of algae and cyanobacteria must be subjects for efficient industrialization. Here, we overview the whole aspect of the energy production from photosynthesis to biomass production of various photosynthetic microorganisms.
Topics: Biofuels; Biomass; Cyanobacteria; Energy Metabolism; Hydrogen; Industrial Microbiology; Microalgae; Photosynthesis
PubMed: 32336724
DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.02.002 -
Genes Oct 2020Today, new technologies, such as microarrays or high-performance sequencing, are producing more and more genomic data [...].
Today, new technologies, such as microarrays or high-performance sequencing, are producing more and more genomic data [...].
Topics: Animals; Biological Phenomena; Computational Biology; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 33092188
DOI: 10.3390/genes11101230 -
MBio Apr 2016A paradigm shift has recently transformed the field of biological science; molecular advances have revealed how fundamentally important microorganisms are to many... (Review)
Review
A paradigm shift has recently transformed the field of biological science; molecular advances have revealed how fundamentally important microorganisms are to many aspects of a host's phenotype and evolution. In the process, an era of "holobiont" research has emerged to investigate the intricate network of interactions between a host and its symbiotic microbial consortia. Marine sponges are early-diverging metazoa known for hosting dense, specific, and often highly diverse microbial communities. Here we synthesize current thoughts about the environmental and evolutionary forces that influence the diversity, specificity, and distribution of microbial symbionts within the sponge holobiont, explore the physiological pathways that contribute to holobiont function, and describe the molecular mechanisms that underpin the establishment and maintenance of these symbiotic partnerships. The collective genomes of the sponge holobiont form the sponge hologenome, and we highlight how the forces that define a sponge's phenotype in fact act on the genomic interplay between the different components of the holobiont.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Genome, Bacterial; Microbial Consortia; Porifera; Symbiosis
PubMed: 27103626
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00135-16