-
Cell Stem Cell Oct 2020Human pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide unprecedented opportunities for cell therapies... (Review)
Review
Human pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide unprecedented opportunities for cell therapies against intractable diseases and injuries. Both ESCs and iPSCs are already being used in clinical trials. However, we continue to encounter practical issues that limit their use, including their inherent properties of tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and heterogeneity. Here, I review two decades of research aimed at overcoming these three difficulties.
Topics: Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Embryonic Stem Cells; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 33007237
DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.09.014 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Feb 2019In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and advanced scientific research topic. The development of treatment methods has evoked great... (Review)
Review
In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and advanced scientific research topic. The development of treatment methods has evoked great expectations. This paper is a review focused on the discovery of different stem cells and the potential therapies based on these cells. The genesis of stem cells is followed by laboratory steps of controlled stem cell culturing and derivation. Quality control and teratoma formation assays are important procedures in assessing the properties of the stem cells tested. Derivation methods and the utilization of culturing media are crucial to set proper environmental conditions for controlled differentiation. Among many types of stem tissue applications, the use of graphene scaffolds and the potential of extracellular vesicle-based therapies require attention due to their versatility. The review is summarized by challenges that stem cell therapy must overcome to be accepted worldwide. A wide variety of possibilities makes this cutting edge therapy a turning point in modern medicine, providing hope for untreatable diseases.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Graphite; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 30808416
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5 -
Nature Medicine Oct 2017The cancer stem cell (CSC) concept was proposed four decades ago, and states that tumor growth, analogous to the renewal of healthy tissues, is fueled by small numbers... (Review)
Review
The cancer stem cell (CSC) concept was proposed four decades ago, and states that tumor growth, analogous to the renewal of healthy tissues, is fueled by small numbers of dedicated stem cells. It has gradually become clear that many tumors harbor CSCs in dedicated niches, and yet their identification and eradication has not been as obvious as was initially hoped. Recently developed lineage-tracing and cell-ablation strategies have provided insights into CSC plasticity, quiescence, renewal, and therapeutic response. Here we discuss new developments in the CSC field in relationship to changing insights into how normal stem cells maintain healthy tissues. Expectations in the field have become more realistic, and now, the first successes of therapies based on the CSC concept are emerging.
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Animals; Cell Lineage; Cell Plasticity; Cell Self Renewal; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Humans; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Stem Cells; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 28985214
DOI: 10.1038/nm.4409 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2020Adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells identified within subcutaneous tissue at the base of the hair follicle (dermal papilla cells), in... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells identified within subcutaneous tissue at the base of the hair follicle (dermal papilla cells), in the dermal sheets (dermal sheet cells), in interfollicular dermis, and in the hypodermis tissue. These cells are expected to play a major role in regulating skin regeneration and aging-associated morphologic disgraces and structural deficits. ADSCs are known to proliferate and differentiate into skin cells to repair damaged or dead cells, but also act by an autocrine and paracrine pathway to activate cell regeneration and the healing process. During wound healing, ADSCs have a great ability in migration to be recruited rapidly into wounded sites added to their differentiation towards dermal fibroblasts (DF), endothelial cells, and keratinocytes. Additionally, ADSCs and DFs are the major sources of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins involved in maintaining skin structure and function. Their interactions with skin cells are involved in regulating skin homeostasis and during healing. The evidence suggests that their secretomes ensure: (i) The change in macrophages inflammatory phenotype implicated in the inflammatory phase, (ii) the formation of new blood vessels, thus promoting angiogenesis by increasing endothelial cell differentiation and cell migration, and (iii) the formation of granulation tissues, skin cells, and ECM production, whereby proliferation and remodeling phases occur. These characteristics would be beneficial to therapeutic strategies in wound healing and skin aging and have driven more insights in many clinical investigations. Additionally, it was recently presented as the tool key in the new free-cell therapy in regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, ADSCs fulfill the general accepted criteria for cell-based therapies, but still need further investigations into their efficiency, taking into consideration the host-environment and patient-associated factors.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Regenerative Medicine; Skin Aging; Skin Diseases; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32075181
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041306 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Oct 2015Growing old is our destiny. However, the mature differentiated cells making up our body can be rejuvenated to an embryo-like fate called pluripotency which is an ability... (Review)
Review
Growing old is our destiny. However, the mature differentiated cells making up our body can be rejuvenated to an embryo-like fate called pluripotency which is an ability to differentiate into all cell types by enforced expression of defined transcription factors. The discovery of this induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has opened up unprecedented opportunities in regenerative medicine, disease modelling and drug discovery. In this review, we introduce the applications and future perspectives of human iPSCs and we also show how iPSC technology has evolved along the way.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Transplantation; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Cellular Reprogramming; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Embryonic Stem Cells; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Models, Biological; Regenerative Medicine
PubMed: 26416678
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0367 -
Cells Mar 2021The main difficulty of radiotherapy is to destroy cancer cells without depletion of healthy tissue [...].
The main difficulty of radiotherapy is to destroy cancer cells without depletion of healthy tissue [...].
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Homeostasis; Humans; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Organoids; Radiation; Stem Cells
PubMed: 33808269
DOI: 10.3390/cells10040760 -
Stem Cell Reviews and Reports Jun 2018MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules involved in the regulation of gene expression. They are involved in the fine-tuning of fundamental... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules involved in the regulation of gene expression. They are involved in the fine-tuning of fundamental biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis in many cell types. Emerging evidence suggests that miRNAs regulate critical pathways involved in stem cell function. Several miRNAs have been suggested to target transcripts that directly or indirectly coordinate the cell cycle progression of stem cells. Moreover, previous studies have shown that altered expression levels of miRNAs can contribute to pathological conditions, such as cancer, due to the loss of cell cycle regulation. However, the precise mechanism underlying miRNA-mediated regulation of cell cycle in stem cells is still incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of miRNAs regulatory role in cell cycle progression of stem cells. We describe how specific miRNAs may control cell cycle associated molecules and checkpoints in embryonic, somatic and cancer stem cells. We further outline how these miRNAs could be regulated to influence cell cycle progression in stem cells as a potential clinical application.
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Animals; Cell Cycle; Humans; MicroRNAs; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Stem Cells
PubMed: 29541978
DOI: 10.1007/s12015-018-9808-y -
Neuron Dec 2019Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are the source of new neurons that contribute to complex sensory and cognitive functions. Most adult neural stem cells are... (Review)
Review
Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are the source of new neurons that contribute to complex sensory and cognitive functions. Most adult neural stem cells are maintained in a state of reversible cell cycle arrest, also called quiescence. Quiescent neural stem cells present a low rate of metabolic activity and a high sensitivity to their local signaling environment, and they can be activated by diverse physiological stimuli. The balance between stem cell quiescence and activity determines not only the rate of neurogenesis but also the long-term maintenance of the stem cell pool and the neurogenic capacity of the aging brain. In recent years, significant progress has been made in characterizing quiescent stem cells thanks to the introduction of new genomic and imaging techniques. We discuss in this review our current understanding of neural stem cell quiescence and its regulation by intrinsic and systemic factors.
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Animals; Humans; Neural Stem Cells; Neurogenesis
PubMed: 31805262
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.026 -
Molecular Cell May 2017Both embryonic and adult stem cells are endowed with a superior capacity to prevent the accumulation of genetic lesions, repair them, or avoid their propagation to... (Review)
Review
Both embryonic and adult stem cells are endowed with a superior capacity to prevent the accumulation of genetic lesions, repair them, or avoid their propagation to daughter cells, which would be particularly detrimental to the whole organism. Inducible pluripotent stem cells also display a robust DNA damage response, but the stability of their genome is often conditioned by the mutational history of the cell population of origin, which constitutes an obstacle to clinical applications. Cancer stem cells are particularly tolerant to DNA damage and fail to undergo senescence or regulated cell death upon accumulation of genetic lesions. Such a resistance contributes to the genetic drift of evolving tumors as well as to their limited sensitivity to chemo- and radiotherapy. Here, we discuss the pathophysiological and therapeutic implications of the molecular pathways through which stem cells cope with DNA damage.
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Animals; DNA Damage; DNA Repair; Embryonic Stem Cells; Genetic Drift; Genomic Instability; Humans; Mutation; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Radiation Tolerance
PubMed: 28475867
DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.04.006 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Aug 2019The injured spinal cord is difficult to repair and regenerate. Traditional treatments are not effective. Stem cells are a type of cells that have the potential to... (Review)
Review
The injured spinal cord is difficult to repair and regenerate. Traditional treatments are not effective. Stem cells are a type of cells that have the potential to differentiate into various cells, including neurons. They exert a therapeutic effect by safely and effectively differentiating into neurons or replacing damaged cells, secreting neurotrophic factors, and inhibiting the inflammatory response. Many types of stem cells have been used for transplantation, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. This review discusses the possible mechanisms of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury, and the types of stem cells commonly used in experiments, to provide a reference for basic and clinical research on stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury.
Topics: Animals; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Embryonic Stem Cells; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Stem Cells; Spinal Cord Injuries; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells
PubMed: 31387621
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1357-z