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Cornea Nov 2017Among different species of mites, Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis are the only 2 that affect the human eye. Because demodicosis is highly age-dependent and can... (Review)
Review
Among different species of mites, Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis are the only 2 that affect the human eye. Because demodicosis is highly age-dependent and can be found in asymptomatic adults, the pathogenicity of these mites has long been debated. In this study, we summarize our research experience including our most recent study regarding Demodex infestation as a potential cause of ocular inflammatory diseases. Specifically, we describe the pathogenesis of demodicosis and then discuss the results of work investigating the associations and relationships between ocular demodicosis and blepharitis, meibomian gland diseases, and keratitis, in turn. This is followed by some discussion of the diagnosis of demodicosis and concludes with a brief discussion of evidence for different treatments for ocular demodicosis. Collectively, our studies suggest a strong correlation between ocular demodicosis and ocular surface inflammatory conditions, such as blepharitis, chalazia, meibomian gland dysfunction, and keratitis. Further investigation of the underlying pathogenic mechanism is warranted.
Topics: Animals; Blepharitis; Eye Infections, Parasitic; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Inflammation; Keratitis; Meibomian Glands; Mite Infestations; Mites
PubMed: 28902017
DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000001361 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi Mar 2020Demodicosis is a Skin disease in humans caused by and mites. infestation is mostly located in sebaceous and meibomian glands in the hair follicles. The aim of this...
OBJECTIVE
Demodicosis is a Skin disease in humans caused by and mites. infestation is mostly located in sebaceous and meibomian glands in the hair follicles. The aim of this study was to determine the age and sex distribution of Demodex infestation in patients with blepharitis.
METHODS
Between 2011-2018, eyelashes from 335 patients with blepharitis, visual impairment or conjunctivitis attached to the cellophane tape were sent to the laboratory of Department of Medical Parasitology in Çukurova University Medical Faculty and were examined within 1 hour.
RESULTS
was detected in 143 (42.6%) of the 335 patients. Of the patients in whom was detected, 50 (35%) were female and 93 (65%) were male. The mean age of patients with was 64.1 years and the mean age of patients without was 52.7 years.
CONCLUSION
In patients with blepharitis, the incidence of Demodex increases with age.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Blepharitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Eyelashes; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Meibomian Glands; Middle Aged; Mite Infestations; Mites; Sebaceous Glands; Sex Distribution; Young Adult
PubMed: 32212585
DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2019.6476 -
Dermatology Practical & Conceptual Jul 2022The relationship between facial dermatoses and blepharitis has been known for a long time.
INTRODUCTION
The relationship between facial dermatoses and blepharitis has been known for a long time.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to investigate the frequency of accompanying facial dermatoses in patients with blepharitis and their relationship with the severity of blepharitis.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, 95 patients with blepharitis were examined for attending facial dermatoses. The type of blepharitis, the severity of blepharitis, and the degree of dry eye were determined in the patients. Dermoscopic and microscopic examinations were used in the diagnosis of facial dermatoses. The history of allergic rhinitis was questioned because Demodex species frequently accompany blepharitis, facial dermatoses, and allergic rhinitis patients. Mann-Whitney U test was used compare 2 independent groups. In comparing categorical variables, Pearson chi-Squared, Fishere Exact, and Fisher-Freeman-Holton tests were used.
RESULTS
At least 1 facial dermatosis was detected in 84.2% patients, and we did not see any facial dermatosis in 15.8% ones. No patients had acne, which is one of the most common facial dermatoses. The most common facial dermatosis detected in our patients was facial demodicosis (57.9%). It was followed by seborrheic dermatitis (22.1%) and rosacea (12.6%), respectively. In addition, 2.1% of the patients had atopic eyelid dermatitis, 23.2% had a history of allergic rhinitis, and 63.2% had ocular demodicosis.
CONCLUSIONS
It is essential to perform dermatological examinations of all patients with blepharitis in terms of accompanying facial dermatoses and their early diagnosis.
PubMed: 36159148
DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1203a113 -
Medical Hypothesis, Discovery &... 2023
PubMed: 38476572
DOI: 10.51329/mehdiophthal1481 -
Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and... 2019Polyenes and azoles constitute 2 major drug classes in the antifungal armamentarium used to treat fungal infections of the eye such as fungal keratitis, endophthalmitis,... (Review)
Review
Polyenes and azoles constitute 2 major drug classes in the antifungal armamentarium used to treat fungal infections of the eye such as fungal keratitis, endophthalmitis, conjunctivitis, and blepharitis. These classes of drugs have come to occupy an important niche in ophthalmic antifungal therapy due to their broad spectrum of activity against a variety of filamentous and yeast-like fungi. Natamycin suspension (Natacyn), a polyene antifungal drug, is currently the only US FDA-approved formulation for treating ophthalmic fungal infections, whereas the other polyene and azole antifungals such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole are routinely used off-label in the clinical setting. Despite potent antifungal activity, the clinical utility of these agents in ophthalmic infections has been challenged by their physicochemical properties, the unique ocular anatomy and physiology, selective antifungal activity, ocular and systemic toxicity, emergence of resistance and cross-resistance, and absence of reliable techniques for developing a robust in vitro-in vivo correlation. This review discusses the aforementioned challenges and the common approaches undertaken to circumnavigate the difficulties associated with the polyene- and azole-based pharmacotherapy of ophthalmic fungal infections.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Azoles; Eye Infections, Fungal; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ophthalmic Solutions; Polyenes
PubMed: 30481082
DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0089 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023We aimed to determine the prevalence of spp. and bacterial infection in patients with blepharitis and also to investigate the relationship between culturable...
We aimed to determine the prevalence of spp. and bacterial infection in patients with blepharitis and also to investigate the relationship between culturable microorganisms and spp. in this study. The study included patients diagnosed with blepharitis ( = 128) and volunteers without ocular problems ( = 113). Eyelash sampling was performed by epilating eight lashes, which were then tested for spp. using a light microscope. The examination consisted of assessing the patient's vision with and without ocular correction and tonus in both eyes and a careful examination of the anterior segment of both eyes. Bacterial identification was performed based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical methods. The prevalence of spp. was 8.0% in patients from the control group and all patients with blepharitis. Isolated forms of spp. were detected in all infested patients in the control group and in 58% of patients with blepharitis. A total of 35% of patients with blepharitis had from three to nine forms of spp., and 7% of patients with blepharitis had more than 10 mites in every field of vision. We found a statistically significant relationship between spp. infestation and the occurrence of eye dryness and sensations of burning and tearing, redness of the conjunctiva, feeling of a foreign body, loss of eyelashes, dysfunction, and cylindrical dandruff. There were statistically significant relationships between sp. infestation and the presence of hyperopia, Meibomian cysts, chronic eyelid inflammation, and the use of eyeglasses. There was also a statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of spp. and seborrheic dermatitis and diabetes mellitus. Culturable microorganisms of the were found in 8.7% of participants who were uninfested and in all patients infested with . We isolated , , , , and spp. from the conjunctival sac only in patients infested with . This indicates an increased probability of colonization by pathogenic bacteria in patients with demodicosis. Therefore, patients infested with should undergo a microbiological examination of conjunctival swabs.
PubMed: 37763231
DOI: 10.3390/life13091827 -
BMC Ophthalmology May 2019The purpose of this case series was to further characterize proteasome inhibitor associated chalazia and blepharitis, to investigate outcomes of different management...
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this case series was to further characterize proteasome inhibitor associated chalazia and blepharitis, to investigate outcomes of different management strategies, and to propose a treatment algorithm for eyelid complications in this patient population.
METHODS
This retrospective case series included sixteen patients found to have chalazia and/or blepharitis while receiving proteasome inhibitors for plasma cell disorders at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, NY from January 2010 through January 2017. Main outcomes were complete resolution of eyelid complications and time to resolution. Student's t-test was used to compare average values and Fisher's exact test was used to compare proportions.
RESULTS
Fourteen patients had chalazia and 10 had blepharitis. Chalazia averaged 5.4 mm, and 11 patients with chalazia experienced two or more lesions. Median follow-up time was 17 months. Average time from bortezomib exposure to onset of first eyelid complication was 3.4 months. Chalazia episodes were more likely to completely resolve than blepharitis episodes (p = 0.03). Ocular therapy alone was trialed for an average of 1.8 months before proceeding to bortezomib omission. Average time to eyelid complication resolution using ocular therapy alone was 1.8 months versus 3.1 months after bortezomib omission. In this series, the combination of ocular therapy and bortezomib omission led to complete resolution of eyelid complications more often than ocular therapy alone.
CONCLUSION
Proteasome inhibitor associated eyelid complications were identified in sixteen patients with plasma cell disorders. Eyelid complications may be treated with a 2-month trial of conservative ocular therapies alone, followed by continuation of ocular therapy in combination with bortezomib omission if eyelid signs persist.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Blepharitis; Bortezomib; Chalazion; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Plasma Cell; Proteasome Inhibitors; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 31088416
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1118-x -
Frontiers in Medicine 2021To investigate the composition and diversity of the microbiota on the ocular surface of patients with blepharitis in northwestern China via 16S rDNA amplicon...
To investigate the composition and diversity of the microbiota on the ocular surface of patients with blepharitis in northwestern China via 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Thirty-seven patients with blepharitis divided into groups of anterior, posterior and mixed blepharitis and twenty healthy controls from northwestern China were enrolled in the study. Samples were collected from the eyelid margin and conjunctival sac of each participant. The V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rDNA in each sample was amplified and sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing platform, and the differences in taxonomy and diversity among different groups were compared. The composition of the ocular surface microbiota of patients with blepharitis was similar to that of healthy subjects, but there were differences in the relative abundance of each bacterium. At the phylum level, the abundances of , and were significantly higher in the blepharitis group than in the healthy control group, while the relative abundance of was significantly lower ( < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U). At the genus level, the abundances of , and were significantly higher in the blepharitis group than in the healthy control group, while the relative abundances of , and were significantly lower in the blepharitis group ( < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U). The microbiota of anterior blepharitis was similar to that of mixed blepharitis but different from that of posterior blepharitis. and are biomarkers of posterior blepharitis, and is a biomarker of mixed blepharitis. There was no significant difference in the ocular surface microbiota between the eyelid margin and conjunctival sac with or without blepharitis. The ocular surface microbiota of patients with blepharitis varied among different study groups, according to 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing analysis. The reason might be due to the participants being from different environments and having different lifestyles. , and may play important roles in the pathogenesis of blepharitis.
PubMed: 34950683
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.768849 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2018is a major pathogen of the eye able to infect the tear duct, eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior and posterior chambers, and the vitreous chamber. Of these... (Review)
Review
is a major pathogen of the eye able to infect the tear duct, eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, anterior and posterior chambers, and the vitreous chamber. Of these infections, those involving the cornea (keratitis) or the inner chambers of the eye (endophthalmitis) are the most threatening because of their potential to cause a loss in visual acuity or even blindness. Each of these ocular sites is protected by the constitutive expression of a variety of antimicrobial factors and these defenses are augmented by a protective host response to the organism. Such infections often involve a predisposing factor that weakens the defenses, such as the use of contact lenses prior to the development of bacterial keratitis or, for endophthalmitis, the trauma caused by cataract surgery or intravitreal injection. The structural carbohydrates of the bacterial surface induce an inflammatory response able to reduce the bacterial load, but contribute to the tissue damage. A variety of bacterial secreted proteins including alpha-toxin, beta-toxin, gamma-toxin, Panton-Valentine leukocidin and other two-component leukocidins mediate tissue damage and contribute to the induction of the inflammatory response. Quantitative animal models of keratitis and endophthalmitis have provided insights into the virulence and host factors active in limiting such infections.
PubMed: 29320451
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010009 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2022Blepharitis is a common and chronic form of eyelid inflammation. Blepharitis treatment aims to decrease symptoms through antibacterial effects. One of the most common...
INTRODUCTION
Blepharitis is a common and chronic form of eyelid inflammation. Blepharitis treatment aims to decrease symptoms through antibacterial effects. One of the most common treatments of eyelid diseases in traditional medicine is using kohl. This clinical trial aimed to investigate its efficacy as a complementary treatment in staphylococcal blepharitis through an open-label clinical trial.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty patients were randomized to receive kohl in one eye contralateral and erythromycin ointment in another eye for 90 days. At baseline and after 90 days of treatment, symptoms, clinical signs, and side effects of treatments were recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software, version 19.
RESULTS
Despite randomization, there was a significant difference between the intervention and control eyes in the baseline mean clinical score (intervention eye: 9.86 (2.95) and control eye: 4.30 (2.81), < 0.001). The degree of reduction of related signs and symptoms in the eyes treated with kohl was significantly higher than that in the control group: (5.2 vs. 2.20, < 0.001) for symptoms and (7.40 vs. 2.46, < 0.001) for clinical signs. Cohen's statistic for mean difference of sign and symptom was 2.4 and 1.75, respectively, indicating a very strong effect.
CONCLUSION
The present study results demonstrated a significant improvement in blepharitis-related signs and symptoms. The degree of improvement in the eyes treated with kohl was much higher than that in the control eyes.
PubMed: 35111228
DOI: 10.1155/2022/6235857