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International Journal of Laboratory... Jun 2015These guidelines provide information on how to reliably and consistently report abnormal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets using manual microscopy....
These guidelines provide information on how to reliably and consistently report abnormal red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets using manual microscopy. Grading of abnormal cells, nomenclature and a brief description of the cells are provided. It is important that all countries in the world use consistent reporting of blood cells. An international group of morphology experts have decided on these guidelines using consensus opinion. For some red blood cell abnormalities, it was decided that parameters produced by the automated haematology analyser might be more accurate and less subjective than grading using microscopy or automated image analysis and laboratories might like to investigate this further. A link is provided to show examples of many of the cells discussed in this guideline.
Topics: Blood Cells; Hematologic Tests; Humans; Microscopy; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 25728865
DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12327 -
Journal of Drug Targeting Mar 2022Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death pathway and participates in various diseases. Current evidence suggests that ferroptosis can obviously affect the function of... (Review)
Review
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death pathway and participates in various diseases. Current evidence suggests that ferroptosis can obviously affect the function of blood cells. This paper aims to elaborate the role of ferroptosis in blood cells and related diseases. First, abnormal ferroptosis damages the developing red blood cells by breaking systemic iron homeostasis, leading to erythropoiesis suppression and anaemia. Ferroptosis mediates neutrophils recruitment and neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis). In T-cells, ferroptosis induces a novel point of synergy between immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Additionally, ferroptosis may mediate B cells differentiation, antibody responses and lymphoma. Nevertheless, increased ferroptosis can ameliorate acute myeloid leukaemia and T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma by inducing iron-dependent cancer cells death. Besides, ferroptosis activates platelets by increasing P-selectin, thus causing thromboembolism. Ferroptosis mediates virus infection and parasite infection by driving T-cell death and preventing T-cell immunity. Interestingly, ferroptosis is also considered as a critical player in COVID-19 infections, while targetting ferroptosis may also improve thromboembolism and prognosis in patients with COVID-19 infection. Overall, the crucial role of ferroptosis in blood cells will show a new therapeutic potential in blood cell-related diseases.HighlightsFerroptosis shows a new therapeutic potential for blood cell-related diseases.Ferroptosis damages erythropoiesis and thus induces anaemia.Ferroptosis induces platelet activation and leads to thromboembolism.Ferroptosis regulates T-cell and B-cell immunity, which participant in infectious diseases.Inversely, ferroptosis ameliorates acute myeloid leukaemia and T-cell leukaemia.
Topics: Blood Cells; COVID-19; Drug Delivery Systems; Ferroptosis; Humans; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34415804
DOI: 10.1080/1061186X.2021.1971237 -
FEBS Letters Dec 2019The haematopoietic system is established during embryonic life through a series of developmental steps that culminates with the generation of haematopoietic stem cells.... (Review)
Review
The haematopoietic system is established during embryonic life through a series of developmental steps that culminates with the generation of haematopoietic stem cells. Characterisation of the transcriptional network that regulates blood cell emergence has led to the identification of transcription factors essential for this process. Among the many factors wired within this complex regulatory network, ETV2, SCL and RUNX1 are the central components. All three factors are absolutely required for blood cell generation, each one controlling a precise step of specification from the mesoderm germ layer to fully functional blood progenitors. Insight into the transcriptional control of blood cell emergence has been used for devising protocols to generate blood cells de novo, either through reprogramming of somatic cells or through forward programming of pluripotent stem cells. Interestingly, the physiological process of blood cell generation and its laboratory-engineered counterpart have very little in common.
Topics: Blood Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cellular Reprogramming; Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Mesoderm; Pluripotent Stem Cells; T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Protein 1; Transcription Factors; Transcriptional Activation
PubMed: 31432499
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13585 -
Angiology Sep 2019Major advances in coronary interventional techniques and pharmacotherapy as well as the use of drug-eluting stents (DESs) have considerably reduced the risk of in-stent... (Review)
Review
Major advances in coronary interventional techniques and pharmacotherapy as well as the use of drug-eluting stents (DESs) have considerably reduced the risk of in-stent restenosis (ISR). However, ISR remains a major clinical challenge. Inflammation and platelet activation are important processes that underlie the pathophysiology of ISR. Parameters related to blood cells, entailing both cell count and morphology, are useful markers of the inflammatory response and platelet activation in clinical practice. Recent studies have highlighted several new combined or derived parameters related to blood cells that independently predict ISR after DES implantation. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, an inflammatory marker, is regarded as a predictor of the risk of ISR and the stability of atherosclerotic plaques. The mean platelet volume, a widely used platelet activation parameter, has been shown to be a predictor of the risk of ISR and the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy. Other markers considered include the platelet/lymphocyte ratio, red blood cell distribution width, and platelet distribution width. This review provides an overview of these parameters that may help stratify the risk of coronary angiographic and clinical outcomes related to ISR.
Topics: Biomarkers; Blood Cells; Coronary Restenosis; Drug-Eluting Stents; Humans; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Risk Factors
PubMed: 30773906
DOI: 10.1177/0003319719830495 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutical... Jan 2017Blood cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are used as drug carriers in a wide range of applications. They have many unique advantages such as long... (Review)
Review
Blood cells, including erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets are used as drug carriers in a wide range of applications. They have many unique advantages such as long life-span in circulation (especially erythrocytes), target release capacities (especially platelets), and natural adhesive properties (leukocytes and platelets). These properties make blood cell based delivery systems, as well as their membrane-derived carriers, far superior to other drug delivery systems. Despite the advantages, the further development of blood cell-based delivery systems was hindered by limitations in the source, storage, and mass production. To overcome these problems, synthetic biomaterials that mimic blood cell and nanocrystallization of blood cells have been developed and may represent the future direction for blood cell membrane-based delivery systems. In this paper, we review recent progress of the rising blood cell-based drug delivery systems, and also discuss their challenges and future tendency of development.
Topics: Animals; Blood Platelets; Drug Delivery Systems; Erythrocytes; Humans; Leukocytes
PubMed: 27496050
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.07.021 -
Current Opinion in Oncology Mar 1995Blood cell transplantation (BCT) is the procedure of choice for autologous bone marrow transplantation. In this paper we review the current status of BCT with emphasis... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Blood cell transplantation (BCT) is the procedure of choice for autologous bone marrow transplantation. In this paper we review the current status of BCT with emphasis on important recent advances. These include increasing knowledge of the biologic nature of mobilized blood cells and important evidence showing that very primitive cells are present in blood cells. An increasing understanding of mechanisms of mobilization is likely to result in the design of more rational mobilization strategies. Current mobilization methods are discussed including justification of combined chemotherapy and cytokine mobilization as the method of choice for cancer patients. Single-apheresis BCT may be possible in the future. Recent data show variable malignant contamination of blood cell harvests, but whether this contributes to relapse is unknown. Clinical applications and the efficacy of high-dose therapy are discussed. BCT may allow novel approaches to increase both total dose and dose intensity of therapy as well as application to allogeneic transplantation.
Topics: Blood Cells; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Combined Modality Therapy; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Neoplasms; Transplantation, Autologous; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 7756376
DOI: 10.1097/00001622-199503000-00005 -
International Journal of Laboratory... May 2018Morphological review of the peripheral blood smear is still a crucial diagnostic aid as it provides relevant information related to the diagnosis and is important for... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Morphological review of the peripheral blood smear is still a crucial diagnostic aid as it provides relevant information related to the diagnosis and is important for selection of additional techniques. Nevertheless, the distinctive cytological characteristics of the blood cells are subjective and influenced by the reviewer's interpretation and, because of that, translating subjective morphological examination into objective parameters is a challenge.
METHODS
The use of digital microscopy systems has been extended in the clinical laboratories. As automatic analyzers have some limitations for abnormal or neoplastic cell detection, it is interesting to identify quantitative features through digital image analysis for morphological characteristics of different cells.
RESULT
Three main classes of features are used as follows: geometric, color, and texture. Geometric parameters (nucleus/cytoplasmic ratio, cellular area, nucleus perimeter, cytoplasmic profile, RBC proximity, and others) are familiar to pathologists, as they are related to the visual cell patterns. Different color spaces can be used to investigate the rich amount of information that color may offer to describe abnormal lymphoid or blast cells. Texture is related to spatial patterns of color or intensities, which can be visually detected and quantitatively represented using statistical tools.
CONCLUSION
This study reviews current and new quantitative features, which can contribute to optimize morphology through blood cell digital image processing techniques.
Topics: Blood Cells; Cell Shape; Color; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy
PubMed: 29741256
DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12832 -
Haematologica Nov 2009Myeloproliferative neoplasms are characterized by overproduction of mature blood cells and increased risk of thromboembolic complications. However, the molecular lesions... (Review)
Review
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are characterized by overproduction of mature blood cells and increased risk of thromboembolic complications. However, the molecular lesions associated with these disorders also activate circulating blood cells. In this perspective article, Dr. Cervantes and his colleagues examine the role of blood cell activation in the pathophysiology of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms. See related article on page 1537.
Topics: Blood Cells; Humans; Janus Kinase 2; Leukocytes; Myeloproliferative Disorders; Thrombophilia
PubMed: 19880775
DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.013375 -
Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin,... Feb 2010Understanding how blood cells are generated is important from a biological perspective but also has potential implications in the treatment of blood diseases. Such... (Review)
Review
Understanding how blood cells are generated is important from a biological perspective but also has potential implications in the treatment of blood diseases. Such knowledge could potentially lead to defining new conditions to amplify hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or could translate into new methods to produce HSCs, or other types of blood cells, from human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. Additionally, as most key transcription factors regulating early hematopoietic development have also been implicated in various types of leukemia, understanding their function during normal development could result in a better comprehension of their roles during abnormal hematopoiesis in leukemia. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of blood development from the earliest hematopoietic precursor, the hemangioblast, a precursor for both endothelial and hematopoietic cell lineages.
Topics: Animals; Blood Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Hemangioblasts; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Leukemia; Mice; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 19856139
DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0554-0 -
Small (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... May 2014Blood plays an important role in homeostatic regulation with each of its cellular components having important therapeutic and diagnostic uses. Therefore, separation and... (Review)
Review
Blood plays an important role in homeostatic regulation with each of its cellular components having important therapeutic and diagnostic uses. Therefore, separation and sorting of blood cells hasa been of a great interest to clinicians and researchers. However, while conventional methods of processing blood have been successful in generating relatively pure fractions, they are time consuming, labor intensive, and are not optimal for processing small volume blood samples. In recent years, microfluidics has garnered great interest from clinicians and researchers as a powerful technology for separating blood into different cell fractions. As microfluidics involves fluid manipulation at the microscale level, it has the potential for achieving high-resolution separation and sorting of blood cells down to a single-cell level, with an added benefit of integrating physical and biological methods for blood cell separation and analysis on the same single chip platform. This paper will first review the conventional methods of processing and sorting blood cells, followed by a discussion on how microfluidics is emerging as an efficient tool to rapidly change the field of blood cell sorting for blood-based therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Topics: Blood Cells; Cell Separation; Humans; Microfluidics
PubMed: 24515899
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302907