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Hematology/oncology Clinics of North... Aug 1994Despite recent advances in the automation of clinical hematology laboratories, a careful microscopic examination of an appropriately prepared and stained blood smear... (Review)
Review
Despite recent advances in the automation of clinical hematology laboratories, a careful microscopic examination of an appropriately prepared and stained blood smear continues to maintain its status as the most informative and useful diagnostic procedure, and offers a simple, reliable means of verifying results generated by automated analyzers. A systematic approach to a comprehensive evaluation of blood cells and related findings is described.
Topics: Blood Cell Count; Cytodiagnosis; Erythrocytes; Humans; Leukocytes; Microscopy; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 7525531
DOI: No ID Found -
Turkish Journal of Haematology :... Nov 2020
Topics: COVID-19; Hematology; Humans; Pandemics; Patients; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32586086
DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2020.2020.0262 -
American Journal of Clinical Pathology Mar 1952
Topics: Hematologic Tests; Hematology; Humans
PubMed: 14902742
DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/22.3_ts.300 -
International Journal of Laboratory... Aug 2019Morphological assessment of the blood smear has been performed by conventional manual microscopy for many decades. Recently, rapid progress in digital imaging and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Morphological assessment of the blood smear has been performed by conventional manual microscopy for many decades. Recently, rapid progress in digital imaging and information technology has led to the development of automated methods of digital morphological analysis of blood smears.
METHODS
A panel of experts in laboratory hematology reviewed the literature on the use of digital imaging and other strategies for the morphological analysis of blood smears. The strengths and weaknesses of digital imaging were determined, and recommendations on improvement were proposed.
RESULTS
By preclassifying cells using artificial intelligence algorithms, digital image analysis automates the blood smear review process and enables faster slide reviews. Digital image analyzers also allow remote networked laboratories to transfer images rapidly to a central laboratory for review, and facilitate a variety of essential work functions in laboratory hematology such as consultations, digital image archival, libraries, quality assurance, competency assessment, education, and training. Different instruments from several manufacturers are available, but there is a lack of standardization of staining methods, optical magnifications, color and display characteristics, hardware, software, and file formats.
CONCLUSION
In order to realize the full potential of Digital Morphology Hematology Analyzers, pre-analytic, analytic, and postanalytic parameters should be standardized. Manufacturers of new instruments should focus on improving the accuracy of cell preclassifications, and the automated recognition and classification of pathological cell types. Cutoffs for grading morphological abnormalities should depend on clinical significance. With all current devices, a skilled morphologist remains essential for cell reclassification and diagnostic interpretation of the blood smear.
Topics: Hematology; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy; Software
PubMed: 31046197
DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13042 -
Hematology. American Society of... 2012Leukocytosis, or elevated WBC count, is a commonly encountered laboratory finding. Distinguishing malignant from benign leukocytosis is a critical step in the care of a... (Review)
Review
Leukocytosis, or elevated WBC count, is a commonly encountered laboratory finding. Distinguishing malignant from benign leukocytosis is a critical step in the care of a patient, which initiates a vastly different decision tree. Confirmation of the complete blood cell count and the WBC differential is the first step. Examination of the PB smear is essential to confirming the automated blood cell differential or affirming the manual differential performed on the PB smear. Next is separation of the leukocytosis into a myeloid versus a lymphoid process. Distinguishing a reactive lymphoid proliferation from a lymphoproliferative disorder requires examination of lymphocyte morphology for pleomorphic lymphocytes versus a monomorphic population, with the latter favoring a lymphoproliferative neoplasm. Samples suspicious for lymphoproliferative disorders can be confirmed and characterized by flow cytometry, with molecular studies initiated in select cases; precursor lymphoid neoplasms (lymphoblasts) should trigger a BM examination. Myeloid leukocytosis triggers a differential diagnosis of myeloid leukemoid reactions versus myeloid malignancies. The manual differential is key, along with correct enumeration of blasts and blast equivalents, immature granulocytes, basophils, and eosinophils and identifying dysplasia to identify myeloid malignancies. Confirmation and characterization of myeloid malignancies should be performed with a BM examination and the appropriate ancillary studies. Myeloid leukemoid reactions commonly result from infections and show activated neutrophil changes on morphology; these should prompt evaluation for infection. Other causes of reactive myeloid leukocytoses are also discussed herein.
Topics: Algorithms; Automation; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Count; Cell Proliferation; Cell Separation; Diagnosis, Differential; Flow Cytometry; Hematology; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukemoid Reaction; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Leukocytosis; Lymphocytes; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Myeloproliferative Disorders
PubMed: 23233622
DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2012.1.475 -
International Journal of Laboratory... Jun 2022
Topics: Blood Cells; Humans; Neisseria meningitidis
PubMed: 34921504
DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13784 -
Veterinary Clinical Pathology May 2023
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Hematology; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 35297067
DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13109 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Apr 2020This article uses a case-based approach, complemented with diagnostic algorithms and images, to highlight hematologic changes of pathologic relevance in horses, namely,... (Review)
Review
This article uses a case-based approach, complemented with diagnostic algorithms and images, to highlight hematologic changes of pathologic relevance in horses, namely, marked erythrocytosis, anemia or leukocytosis, inflammatory leukograms, lymphocytosis in adult horses, thrombocytopenia, and pancytopenia. These hematologic abnormalities occur with certain diseases and their identification can help clinicians narrow to down differential diagnostic lists. This article highlights the importance of blood smear examination, particularly, but not only, when numerical red flags are identified on automated blood counts.
Topics: Animals; Cytological Techniques; Female; Hematology; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male
PubMed: 31959376
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.11.001 -
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift... Nov 2017Reasons for leukopenia can be numerous. To get close to the diagnosis it's always useful to check previous blood counts of the patient to get a feeling for the dynamic...
Reasons for leukopenia can be numerous. To get close to the diagnosis it's always useful to check previous blood counts of the patient to get a feeling for the dynamic development of the leukopenia. Furthermore, it's important to check the red blood cell count and platelet count as well; a bi- or a pancytopenia usually implies an insufficient production in the bone marrow. Nevertheless, a manual counted peripheral blood smear is an essential step towards the right diagnosis in leukopenia: Beside cell counts of the single subgroups of leucocytes it also provides information on potential causes such as dysplasia.Leukopenia can be life-threatening for the patient especially if the patient presents with an agranulocytosis and fever: In this case admission is mandatory and the patient has to be treated immediately with broad-spectrum antibiotics to reduce mortality.
Topics: Blood Cell Count; Diagnosis, Differential; Germany; Hematology; Leukopenia; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 29145679
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-113123 -
Journal of Pediatric Hematology/oncology Mar 2022Phagocytosis of red cells by neutrophils, referred to as neutrophil erythrophagocytosis, on the blood smear as a helpful diagnostic sign of paroxysmal cold...
Phagocytosis of red cells by neutrophils, referred to as neutrophil erythrophagocytosis, on the blood smear as a helpful diagnostic sign of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria is underrecognized. We present a child with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria and prominent neutrophil erythrophagocytosis to highlight the importance of this finding in the diagnosis of paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria.
Topics: Child; Erythrocytes; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal; Humans; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis
PubMed: 35082245
DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000002401