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Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2019The somatic features of the athletes’ bodies partially determine their sporting level and are conditioned to a large extent by the state of nutrition.
BACKGROUND
The somatic features of the athletes’ bodies partially determine their sporting level and are conditioned to a large extent by the state of nutrition.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this paper is to present nutritional status and its correlation with the somatic determinants of training athletes and physical education students.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study involved 12 weightlifting players (subgroup-WL), 15 soccer players (subgroup-SP), 12 table tennis players (subgroup-TT) and 12 female students of physical education (subgroup-C). In all subjects, the age and somatic variables were recorded and the daily intake of energy, water, proteins, fats and carbohydrates was determined by 24-h dietary recalls.
RESULTS
Although the analysis of variance did not show significant differences in somatic variables and nutrition data, post hoc analysis showed significant differences between some subgroups in terms of age, BMI, fat content (BF), fat-free mass (FFM) and the amount of water, protein and carbohydrates consumed during the day. It was also shown that somatic variables correlated with relatively expressed amounts of energy, proteins and carbohydrates consumed in individual subgroups, as well as in the whole group formed from all subgroups of studied women. In addition, there were significant correlations between somatic variables and the total amount of water consumed in the whole group and the total amount of protein consumed in subgroup C (p<0.05), as well as the total amount of fat consumed in subgroup WL.
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, it was found that the examined women used an abnormal hypoenergetic diet with too low carbohydrate content in which were more useful relative than absolute amounts of consumed proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In this unfavorable situation, dietary education of the respondents seems to be necessary.
Topics: Adult; Athletes; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Female; Humans; Nutritional Status; Poland; Sports; Young Adult
PubMed: 31515983
DOI: 10.32394/rpzh.2019.0074 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Nov 2018Body composition is known to be associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Body composition... (Review)
Review
Body composition is known to be associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers, osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Body composition measurements are useful in assessing the effectiveness of nutritional interventions and monitoring the changes associated with growth and disease conditions. Changes in body composition occur when there is a mismatch between nutrient intake and requirement. Altered body composition is observed in conditions such as wasting and stunting when the nutritional intake may be inadequate. Overnutrition on the other hand leads to obesity. Many techniques are available for body composition assessment, which range from simple indirect measures to more sophisticated direct volumetric measurements. Some of the methods that are used today include anthropometry, tracer dilution, densitometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance analysis. The methods vary in their precision and accuracy. Imaging techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have become powerful tools due to their ability of visualizing and quantifying tissues, organs, or constituents such as muscle and adipose tissue. However, these methods are still considered to be research tools due to their cost and complexity of use. This review was aimed to describe the commonly used methods for body composition analysis and provide a brief introduction on the latest techniques available.
Topics: Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Weights and Measures; Dimensional Measurement Accuracy; Humans; Obesity
PubMed: 30666990
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1777_18 -
Nutrients Dec 2018With over two-thirds (71.6%) of the US adult population either overweight or obese, many strategies have been suggested for weight loss. While many are successful, the... (Review)
Review
With over two-thirds (71.6%) of the US adult population either overweight or obese, many strategies have been suggested for weight loss. While many are successful, the weight loss is often accompanied by a loss in lean body mass. This loss in lean body mass has multiple negative health implications. Therefore, weight loss strategies that protect lean body mass are of value. It is challenging to consume a significant caloric deficit while maintaining lean body mass regardless of macronutrient distribution. Therefore, the efficacy of various dietary supplements on body weight and body composition have been a topic of research interest. Chromium picolinate has been shown to improve body composition by maintaining lean body mass. In this paper we review some common weight loss strategies and dietary supplements with a focus on their impact on body composition and compare them to the effect of chromium picolinate.
Topics: Body Composition; Diet, Reducing; Humans; Iron Chelating Agents; Picolinic Acids; Weight Loss
PubMed: 30513859
DOI: 10.3390/nu10121876 -
Journal of Investigative Medicine : the... Jun 2018This paper gives a brief overview of common non-invasive techniques for body composition analysis and a more in-depth review of a body composition assessment method... (Review)
Review
This paper gives a brief overview of common non-invasive techniques for body composition analysis and a more in-depth review of a body composition assessment method based on fat-referenced quantitative MRI. Earlier published studies of this method are summarized, and a previously unpublished validation study, based on 4753 subjects from the UK Biobank imaging cohort, comparing the quantitative MRI method with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is presented. For whole-body measurements of adipose tissue (AT) or fat and lean tissue (LT), DXA and quantitative MRIs show excellent agreement with linear correlation of 0.99 and 0.97, and coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.5 and 4.6 per cent for fat (computed from AT) and LT, respectively, but the agreement was found significantly lower for visceral adipose tissue, with a CV of >20 per cent. The additional ability of MRI to also measure muscle volumes, muscle AT infiltration and ectopic fat, in combination with rapid scanning protocols and efficient image analysis tools, makes quantitative MRI a powerful tool for advanced body composition assessment.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 29581385
DOI: 10.1136/jim-2018-000722 -
Nutrients Aug 2019Anthropometry (from the Greek : human, and : measure) refers to the systematic collection and correlation of measurements of human individuals, including the systematic...
Anthropometry (from the Greek : human, and : measure) refers to the systematic collection and correlation of measurements of human individuals, including the systematic measurement of the physical characteristics of the human body, primarily body weight, body size, and shape [...].
Topics: Adiposity; Anthropometry; Basal Metabolism; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 31416130
DOI: 10.3390/nu11081891 -
Nutrients Apr 2020Preterm infants may show a higher risk of adverse health outcomes, such as the development of metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment. The most recent evidence... (Review)
Review
Preterm infants may show a higher risk of adverse health outcomes, such as the development of metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment. The most recent evidence highlights that nutrition, body composition development, and early postnatal growth may play a role in the programming of these processes. Human milk feeding has been recommended as the natural feeding for preterm infants and as a cost-effective strategy for reducing disease and economic burden. Considering that the postnatal growth retardation and aberrant body composition shown by preterm infants at the time of hospital discharge still remain important issues, we performed a literature review, aiming to provide an update about the effect of human milk feeding on these processes. On the basis of our findings, human milk feeding in preterm infants, although related to a slower weight gain than formula feeding, is associated with a better recovery of body composition through the promotion of fat-free mass deposition, which may ultimately lead to better metabolic and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Promotion and support of human milk feeding should be considered a priority in preterm infants' care.
Topics: Body Composition; Body Fat Distribution; Breast Feeding; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Infant; Infant Health; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Milk, Human; Weight Gain
PubMed: 32326178
DOI: 10.3390/nu12041155 -
Bone Nov 2017Body composition measurements from DXA have been available since DXA technology was developed 30years ago, but are historically underutilized. Recently, there have been...
Body composition measurements from DXA have been available since DXA technology was developed 30years ago, but are historically underutilized. Recently, there have been rapid developments in body composition assessment including the analysis and publication of representative data for the US, official usage guidance from the International Society for Clinical Densitometry, and development of regional body composition measures with clinical utility. DXA body composition is much more than whole body percent fat. In this paper celebrating 30years of DXA for body composition, we will review the principles of DXA soft tissue analysis, practical clinical and research applications, and what to look for in the future.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bariatrics; Body Composition; Body Size; Humans; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 28625918
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.06.010 -
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Sep 2018Activity-induced energy expenditure, as determined by the activity pattern including exercise, is the most variable component of daily energy expenditure. Here, the... (Review)
Review
Activity-induced energy expenditure, as determined by the activity pattern including exercise, is the most variable component of daily energy expenditure. Here, the focus is on effects of exercise training on energy balance and body composition in subjects with a sedentary or light-active lifestyle. Then, exercise training induces an energy imbalance consistently lower than prescribed energy expenditure from exercise. Additionally, individual responses are highly variable and decrease in time. Combining the results from 23 exercise training studies in normal-weight, overweight, and obese subjects, varying in duration from 2 to 64 weeks, showed an average initial energy imbalance of about 2 MJ/day with an exponential decline to nearly zero after about 1 year. A compensatory increase in energy intake is the most likely explanation for the lower than expected effect of exercise on energy balance. Overall, exercise training results in a healthier body composition as reflected by a reduction of body fat, especially in overweight and obese subjects, with little or no long-term effect on body weight.
Topics: Body Composition; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Humans; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 30185845
DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0180-4 -
Journal of Diabetes and Its... Jun 2019Aging is associated with changes in body composition, including both fat gain and muscle loss beginning in middle age, and is associated with increased risk of type 2... (Review)
Review
Aging is associated with changes in body composition, including both fat gain and muscle loss beginning in middle age, and is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, changes in fat distribution take place in adults as they age and may contribute to the increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Recent literature has shown differences in the age-related changes in body composition by diabetes status suggesting that some of these changes might not only be a risk factor of the development of diabetes but could also be a consequence of the disease. In this article, we review the current evidence on body composition changes that take place in adults after the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and compare them to those observed in adults without diabetes as they age. We also review the effect of various lifestyle, pharmacological, and surgical treatments that lower blood glucose on body composition in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Fat Distribution; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Middle Aged; Muscle, Skeletal; Organ Size; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31003924
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.03.007 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Jul 2020Bernal-Orozco, MF, Posada-Falomir, M, Quiñónez-Gastélum, CM, Plascencia-Aguilera, LP, Arana-Nuño, JR, Badillo-Camacho, N, Márquez-Sandoval, F, Holway, FE, and...
Bernal-Orozco, MF, Posada-Falomir, M, Quiñónez-Gastélum, CM, Plascencia-Aguilera, LP, Arana-Nuño, JR, Badillo-Camacho, N, Márquez-Sandoval, F, Holway, FE, and Vizmanos-Lamotte, B. Anthropometric and body composition profile of young professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1911-1923, 2020-The purpose was to describe the anthropometric and body composition profile of young professional soccer players and to compare the players profiles between different competitive divisions and playing positions. A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with anthropometric data obtained from the records of soccer players of Club Deportivo Guadalajara, S.A. de C.V. (Mexico) in the under-17, under-20, second, third, and fourth division categories. Body mass, height, sitting-height, skinfolds, girths, and bone breadths were measured by certified anthropometrists from September 2011 to March 2015, following the procedures recommended by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Body composition was determined using the 5-way fractionation method. Comparisons between playing positions in each division and between divisions were performed using analysis of variance, and Bonferroni's post-hoc analyses (SPSS version 22 for Windows, p < 0.05 considered as significant). Data from 755 subjects were analyzed. The mean age was 18.1 ± 1.7 years old (minimum 14.8, maximum 23.2). The under-20 division registered higher anthropometric and body composition values than all other competitive divisions. In addition, goalkeepers were taller, heavier, and obtained the highest values for adipose mass, whereas forwards presented higher percentages of muscle mass. These tables can be used during nutritional assessment and nutritional monitoring of players to establish body composition goals. In addition, the strength and conditioning practitioner may also use these data to design effective and specific training programs most suitable to the anthropometric and body composition profile of each player, taking into consideration his competitive division and playing position.
Topics: Adiposity; Adolescent; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weights and Measures; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Male; Retrospective Studies; Soccer; Young Adult
PubMed: 32058363
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003416