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Nature Immunology Jun 2023Specialized subpopulations of CD4 T cells survey major histocompatibility complex class II-peptide complexes to control phagosomal infections, help B cells, regulate... (Review)
Review
Specialized subpopulations of CD4 T cells survey major histocompatibility complex class II-peptide complexes to control phagosomal infections, help B cells, regulate tissue homeostasis and repair or perform immune regulation. Memory CD4 T cells are positioned throughout the body and not only protect the tissues from reinfection and cancer, but also participate in allergy, autoimmunity, graft rejection and chronic inflammation. Here we provide updates on our understanding of the longevity, functional heterogeneity, differentiation, plasticity, migration and human immunodeficiency virus reservoirs as well as key technological advances that are facilitating the characterization of memory CD4 T cell biology.
Topics: Humans; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Memory T Cells; Immunologic Memory
PubMed: 37156885
DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01510-4 -
Critical Care (London, England) Aug 2023Nasogastric feeding tube insertion is a common but invasive procedure most often blindly placed by nurses in acute and chronic care settings. Although usually not... (Review)
Review
Nasogastric feeding tube insertion is a common but invasive procedure most often blindly placed by nurses in acute and chronic care settings. Although usually not harmful, serious and fatal complications with misplacement still occur and variation in practice still exists. These tubes can be used for drainage or administration of fluids, drugs and/or enteral feeding. During blind insertion, it is important to achieve correct tip position of the tube ideally reaching the body of the stomach. If the insertion length is too short, the tip and/or distal side-openings at the end of the tube can be located in the esophagus increasing the risk of aspiration (pneumonia). Conversely, when the insertion length is too long, the tube might kink in the stomach, curl upwards into the esophagus or enter the duodenum. Studies have demonstrated that the most frequently used technique to determine insertion length (the nose-earlobe-xiphoid method) is too short a distance; new safer methods should be used and further more robust evidence is needed. After blind placement, verifying correct gastric tip positioning is of major importance to avoid serious and sometimes lethal complications.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Enteral Nutrition; Drainage; Long-Term Care
PubMed: 37596615
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04611-6