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Journal of Biomechanical Engineering Jan 2015Trabecular bone is a highly porous, heterogeneous, and anisotropic material which can be found at the epiphyses of long bones and in the vertebral bodies. Studying the... (Review)
Review
Trabecular bone is a highly porous, heterogeneous, and anisotropic material which can be found at the epiphyses of long bones and in the vertebral bodies. Studying the mechanical properties of trabecular bone is important, since trabecular bone is the main load bearing bone in vertebral bodies and also transfers the load from joints to the compact bone of the cortex of long bones. This review article highlights the high dependency of the mechanical properties of trabecular bone on species, age, anatomic site, loading direction, and size of the sample under consideration. In recent years, high resolution micro finite element methods have been extensively used to specifically address the mechanical properties of the trabecular bone and provide unique tools to interpret and model the mechanical testing experiments. The aims of the current work are to first review the mechanobiology of trabecular bone and then present classical and new approaches for modeling and analyzing the trabecular bone microstructure and macrostructure and corresponding mechanical properties such as elastic properties and strength.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone and Bones; Elasticity; Humans; Mechanical Phenomena; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 25412137
DOI: 10.1115/1.4029176 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Jun 2012The principles of bone biology and physiology permeate all subspecialty practices in plastic and reconstructive surgery from hand surgery to aesthetic surgery. Despite... (Review)
Review
The principles of bone biology and physiology permeate all subspecialty practices in plastic and reconstructive surgery from hand surgery to aesthetic surgery. Despite its importance in our practices, the biology of bone healing and bone physiology rarely surfaces within textbooks, literature reviews, or residency curricula. In this article, the authors present the first of a two-part series reviewing the important concepts of bone biology and bone physiology relevant to plastic surgery in an effort to ameliorate this educational gap.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Bone Transplantation; Bone and Bones; Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures
PubMed: 22634648
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31824eca94 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... Nov 2007Bone is unique in connective tissue healing because it heals entirely by cellular regeneration and the production of a mineral matrix rather than just collagen...
Bone is unique in connective tissue healing because it heals entirely by cellular regeneration and the production of a mineral matrix rather than just collagen deposition known as scar. This article discusses the cellular, tissue, and organ levels in each of the following sections--skeletal embryology, normal bone, examples of abnormal bone, and bone graft healing--as they relate to the jaws and the craniofacial skeleton.
Topics: Bone Diseases; Bone Marrow; Bone Matrix; Bone Regeneration; Bone Remodeling; Bone Transplantation; Bone and Bones; Facial Bones; Humans; Skull; Wound Healing
PubMed: 18088897
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2007.07.008 -
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2019Aberrant or prolonged immune responses has been proved to be involved in bone homeostasis. As a component of the innate immune system, macrophages play a critical role... (Review)
Review
Aberrant or prolonged immune responses has been proved to be involved in bone homeostasis. As a component of the innate immune system, macrophages play a critical role in bone homeostasis. Conventionally, according to response to the various panel of stimuli, macrophages can be plastically classified into two major phenotypes: M1 and M2. M1 macrophages are generally proinflammatory, whereas M2 are anti-inflammatory. Although studies demonstrated that both M1 and M2 phenotypes have been implicated in various inflammatory bone diseases, their direct role in bone homeostasis remains unclear. Thus, in this review, we briefly discuss the term "osteoimmunology", which deals with the crosstalk and shared mechanisms of the bone and immune systems. In addition, we overview M1 and M2 macrophages for their role in osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis as well as relevant signaling cascades involved.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Homeostasis; Humans; Macrophages; Osteogenesis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 30767753
DOI: 10.2174/1574888X14666190214163815 -
Journal of Ultrasound Sep 2020The assessment of bone mainly relies on standard radiographs, CT, MRI, and bone scintigraphy depending on the anatomic region complexity and clinical scenario.... (Review)
Review
The assessment of bone mainly relies on standard radiographs, CT, MRI, and bone scintigraphy depending on the anatomic region complexity and clinical scenario. Ultrasound (US), due to different acoustic impedance between soft tissues and the bone cortex, only allows the evaluation of the bone surfaces. Nevertheless, US can be useful in the evaluation of several bone disorders affecting the limbs as a result of its tomographic capabilities and high definition. This pictorial review article summarises our clinical experience in adults and reviews the literature on US bone examination. We first present the US appearance of normal bone and the main congenital anatomic variations, after which we illustrate the US findings of a variety of bone disorders. Although US has limits in bone assessment, its analysis must be a part of every musculoskeletal US examination.
Topics: Bone Diseases; Bone and Bones; Humans; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 32419074
DOI: 10.1007/s40477-020-00477-4 -
Pharmacology & Therapeutics Mar 2020The coordination between bone resorption and bone formation plays an essential role in keeping the mass and microstructure integrity of the bone in a steady state.... (Review)
Review
The coordination between bone resorption and bone formation plays an essential role in keeping the mass and microstructure integrity of the bone in a steady state. However, this balance can be disturbed in many pathological conditions of the bone. Nowadays, the classical modalities for treating bone-related disorders are being challenged by severe obstacles owing to low tissue selectivity and considerable safety concerns. Moreover, as a highly mineralized tissue, the bone shows innate rigidity, low permeability, and reduced blood flow, features that further hinder the effective treatment of bone diseases. With the development of bone biology and precision medicine, one novel concept of bone-targeted therapy appears to be promising, with improved therapeutic efficacy and minimized systematic toxicity. Here we focus on the recent advances in bone-targeted treatment based on the unique biology of bone tissues. We summarize commonly used bone-targeting moieties, with an emphasis on bisphosphonates, tetracyclines, and biomimetic bone-targeting moieties. We also introduce potential bone-targeting strategies aimed at the bone matrix and major cell types in the bone. Based on these bone-targeting moieties and strategies, we discuss the potential applications of targeted therapy to treat bone diseases. We expect that this review will put together useful insights to help with the search for therapeutic efficacy in bone-related conditions.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Bone and Bones; Humans
PubMed: 31926198
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107473 -
Journal of Biophotonics Dec 2019Intravital imaging has emerged as a novel and efficient tool for visualization of in situ dynamics of cellular behaviors and cell-microenvironment interactions in live... (Review)
Review
Intravital imaging has emerged as a novel and efficient tool for visualization of in situ dynamics of cellular behaviors and cell-microenvironment interactions in live animals, based on desirable microscopy techniques featuring high resolutions, deep imaging and low phototoxicity. Intravital imaging, especially based on multi-photon microscopy, has been used in bone research for dynamics visualization of a variety of physiological and pathological events at the cellular level, such as bone remodeling, hematopoiesis, immune responses and cancer development, thus, providing guidance for elucidating novel cellular mechanisms in bone biology as well as guidance for new therapies. This review is aimed at interpreting development and advantages of intravital imaging in bone research, and related representative discoveries concerning bone matrices, vessels, and various cells types involved in bone physiologies and pathologies. Finally, current limitations, further refinement, and extended application of intravital imaging in bone research are concluded.
Topics: Animals; Blood Vessels; Bone Remodeling; Bone and Bones; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Intravital Microscopy
PubMed: 31593614
DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960075 -
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Nov 2010Body weight is a principal determinant of bone density and fracture risk, and adipose tissue mass is a major contributor to this relationship. In contrast, some recent... (Review)
Review
Body weight is a principal determinant of bone density and fracture risk, and adipose tissue mass is a major contributor to this relationship. In contrast, some recent studies have argued that "fat mass after adjustment for body weight" actually has a deleterious effect on bone, but these analyses are confounded by the co-linearity between the variables studied, and therefore have produced misleading results. Mechanistically, fat and bone are linked by a multitude of pathways, which ultimately serve the function of providing a skeleton appropriate to the mass of adipose tissue it is carrying. Adiponectin, insulin/amylin/preptin, leptin and adipocytic estrogens are all likely to be involved in this connection. In the clinic, the key issues are that obesity is protective against osteoporosis, but underweight is a major preventable risk factor for fractures.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Animals; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Eating; Hormones; Humans
PubMed: 20599663
DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.06.027 -
Radiologic Technology 2009
Review
Topics: Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Densitometry; Humans; Radiography
PubMed: 19584371
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of... Aug 2011
Topics: Biophysical Phenomena; Bone Remodeling; Bone and Bones; Humans
PubMed: 21616463
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.04.011