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Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal... Sep 2020Obesity and osteoporosis have become major global health problems over the last decades as their prevalence is increasing. The interaction between obesity and bone... (Review)
Review
Obesity and osteoporosis have become major global health problems over the last decades as their prevalence is increasing. The interaction between obesity and bone metabolism is complex and not fully understood. Historically, obesity was thought to be protective against osteoporosis;however, several studies have challenged this belief. Even though the majority of the studies suggest that obesity has a favourable effect on bone density, it is unclear what the effect of obesity is on skeletal microarchitecture. Additionally, the effects of obesity on skeletal strength might be site-dependent as obese individuals are at higher risk of certain fractures. Several mechanical, biochemical and hormonal mechanisms have been proposed to explain the association between the adipose tissue and bone. Mechanical loading has positive effects on bone health, but this may not suffice in obesity. Low-grade systemic inflammation is probably harmful to the bone and increased bone marrow adipogenesis may lead to decreased bone mass in obese individuals. Finally, visceral abdominal fat may exert different actions to the bone compared with the subcutaneous fat. Achieving a better understanding of the association between adipose and bone tissue may help to identify new molecular therapeutic targets that will promote osteoblastic activity and/or inhibit adipogenesis and osteoclastic activity.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Humans; Obesity; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 32877973
DOI: No ID Found -
Nature Genetics Jan 2023Metabolic processes can influence disease risk and provide therapeutic targets. By conducting genome-wide association studies of 1,091 blood metabolites and 309...
Metabolic processes can influence disease risk and provide therapeutic targets. By conducting genome-wide association studies of 1,091 blood metabolites and 309 metabolite ratios, we identified associations with 690 metabolites at 248 loci and associations with 143 metabolite ratios at 69 loci. Integrating metabolite-gene and gene expression information identified 94 effector genes for 109 metabolites and 48 metabolite ratios. Using Mendelian randomization (MR), we identified 22 metabolites and 20 metabolite ratios having estimated causal effect on 12 traits and diseases, including orotate for estimated bone mineral density, α-hydroxyisovalerate for body mass index and ergothioneine for inflammatory bowel disease and asthma. We further measured the orotate level in a separate cohort and demonstrated that, consistent with MR, orotate levels were positively associated with incident hip fractures. This study provides a valuable resource describing the genetic architecture of metabolites and delivers insights into their roles in common diseases, thereby offering opportunities for therapeutic targets.
Topics: Humans; Genome-Wide Association Study; Metabolome; Phenotype; Bone Density; Genomics; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 36635386
DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01270-1 -
Biometals : An International Journal on... Aug 2021In 2009 EFSA Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of magnesium (Mg) and maintenance of normal bone. After... (Review)
Review
In 2009 EFSA Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the dietary intake of magnesium (Mg) and maintenance of normal bone. After 2009, numerous studies have been published, but no reviews have made an update on this topic. So, the aim of this narrative review was to consider the state of the art since 2009 on relationship between Mg blood levels, Mg dietary intake and Mg dietary supplementation (alone or with other micronutrients; this last topic has been considered since 1990, because it is not included in the EFSA claims) and bone health in humans. This review included 28 eligible studies: nine studies concern Mg blood, 12 studies concern Mg intake and seven studies concern Mg supplementation, alone or in combination with other nutrients. From the various studies carried out on the serum concentration of Mg and its relationship with the bone, it has been shown that lower values are related to the presence of osteoporosis, and that about 30-40% of the subjects analyzed (mainly menopausal women) have hypomagnesaemia. Various dietetic investigations have shown that many people (about 20%) constantly consume lower quantities of Mg than recommended; moreover, in this category, a lower bone mineral density and a higher fracturing risk have been found. Considering the intervention studies published to date on supplementation with Mg, most have used this mineral in the form of citrate, carbonate or oxide, with a dosage varying between 250 and 1800 mg. In all studies there was a benefit both in terms of bone mineral density and fracture risk.
Topics: Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Magnesium
PubMed: 33959846
DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00305-0 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020Hormonal contraception is prescribed commonly to adolescents for myriad indications from pregnancy prevention to treatment for acne, hirsutism or dysmenorrhea. Although... (Review)
Review
Hormonal contraception is prescribed commonly to adolescents for myriad indications from pregnancy prevention to treatment for acne, hirsutism or dysmenorrhea. Although use of these hormones generally has no effect or benefits bone health in mature premenopausal women, the same may not be true for adolescents. The teen years are a critical period for acquiring peak bone strength. Sex hormones, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) interact to modulate the changes in bone size, geometry, mineral content, and microarchitecture that determine skeletal strength. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and intramuscular depo medroxyprogesterone (DMPA) can compromise the expected gains in adolescence by altering estrogen and IGF concentrations. Use of these medications has been associated with slower accrual of bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk in some studies. Far less is known about the skeletal effects of the newer long acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs). This review takes a critical look at the gaps in current knowledge of the skeletal effects of COCs, DMPA, and LARCs and underscores the need for additional research.
Topics: Adolescent; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Female; Hormonal Contraception; Humans
PubMed: 32973688
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00603 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Apr 2023This review identifies exercise-based recommendations to prevent and manage frailty and fragility fractures from current clinical practice guidelines. We also critically... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review identifies exercise-based recommendations to prevent and manage frailty and fragility fractures from current clinical practice guidelines. We also critically assess recently published literature in relation to exercise interventions to mitigate frailty and fragility fractures.
RECENT FINDINGS
Most guidelines presented similar recommendations that included the prescription of individually tailored, multicomponent exercise programs, discouragement of prolonged sitting and inactivity, and combining exercise with optimal nutrition. To target frailty, guidelines recommend supervised progressive resistance training (PRT). For osteoporosis and fragility fractures, exercise should include weight-bearing impact activities and PRT to target bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip and spine, and also incorporate balance and mobility training, posture exercises, and functional exercise relevant to activities of daily living to reduce falls risk. Walking as a singular intervention has limited benefits for frailty and fragility fracture prevention and management. Current evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for frailty, osteoporosis, and fracture prevention recommend a multifaceted and targeted approach to optimise muscle mass, strength, power, and functional mobility as well as BMD.
Topics: Humans; Frailty; Activities of Daily Living; Accidental Falls; Fractures, Bone; Osteoporosis; Bone Density; Exercise Therapy
PubMed: 36976491
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00777-8 -
Calcified Tissue International Dec 2021Observational studies suggest a link between depression and osteoporosis, but these may be subject to confounding and reverse causality. In this two-sample Mendelian... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Observational studies suggest a link between depression and osteoporosis, but these may be subject to confounding and reverse causality. In this two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, we included the large meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for depression among 807,553 individuals (246,363 cases and 561,190 controls) of European descent, the large meta-analysis to identify genetic variants associated with femoral neck bone mineral density (FN-BMD), forearm BMD (FA-BMD) and lumbar spine BMD (LS-BMD) among 53,236 individuals of European ancestry, and the GWAS summary data of heel BMD (HE-BMD) and fracture among 426,824 individuals of European ancestry. The results revealed that genetic predisposition towards depression showed no causal effect on FA-BMD (beta-estimate: 0.091, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.088 to 0.269, SE:0.091, P value = 0.320), FN-BMD (beta-estimate: 0.066, 95% CI - 0.016 to 0.148, SE:0.042, P value = 0.113), LS-BMD (beta-estimate: 0.074, 95% CI - 0.029 to 0.177, SE:0.052, P value = 0.159), HE-BMD (beta-estimate: 0.009, 95% CI - 0.043 to 0.061, SE:0.027, P value = 0.727), or fracture (beta-estimate: 0.008, 95% CI - 0.071 to 0.087, SE:0.041, P value = 0.844). These results were also confirmed by multiple sensitivity analyses. Contrary to the findings of observational studies, our results do not reveal a causal role of depression in osteoporosis or fracture.
Topics: Bone Density; Depression; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Osteoporosis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 34259888
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00886-5 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2021The purpose of this Chapter is to present a detailed description of methods for performing bone Micro-Computed Tomography (microCT) scanning and analysis. MicroCT is an...
The purpose of this Chapter is to present a detailed description of methods for performing bone Micro-Computed Tomography (microCT) scanning and analysis. MicroCT is an x-ray imaging method capable of visualizing bone at the micro-structural scale, that is, 1-100 µm resolution. MicroCT is the gold-standard method for assessment of 3D bone morphology in studies of small animals. As applied to the small bones of mice or rats, microCT can efficiently and accurately assess bone structure (e.g., cortical bone area [Ct.Ar]) and micro-structure (e.g., trabecular bone volume fraction [Tb.BV/TV]). The particular application described herein is for post mortem mouse femur specimens. The material presented should be generally applicable to many commercially available laboratory microCT systems, although some details are specific to the system used in our lab (Scanco mCT 40; SCANCO Medical AG, Bruttisellen, Switzerland).
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Femur; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Mice; Radionuclide Imaging; Skull; Tibia; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 33197015
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1028-2_11 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Oct 2022To determine the effects of high-intensity multimodal exercise training on bone mineral density and muscle performance in postmenopausal women. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Effects of high-intensity multi-modal exercise training (HIT-MMEX) on bone mineral density and muscle performance in postmenopausal women. A Pilot randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the effects of high-intensity multimodal exercise training on bone mineral density and muscle performance in postmenopausal women.
METHODS
The two-armed, parallel, pilot randomised controlled trial was conducted from November 2020 to July 2021 at Riphah Rehabilitation Centre, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, and comprised women aged 45-70 having been in the post-menopause phase for at least 3 years, with body mass index <30, community ambulant and willing to have exercise therapy. The subjects were randomised into two equal groups. The experimental group A received supervised high-intensity resistance, weight-bearing, balance and mobility training twice weekly for 8 months. The control group B received low-to-moderate intensity exercises. Femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density (g/cm2) were taken through a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Muscle performance was measured using 1 repetition maximum for leg and trunk extensors, and 30 sec sit to stand test. Data was analysed using SPSS 21.
RESULTS
Of the 101 women screened, 28(27.7%) were enrolled; 14(50%) in group A having mean age 53.36±6.28 years, and 14(50%) in group B having mean age 51.71±4.82 years (p>0.05). Group A showed significantly more improvement than group B both with respect to lumbar spine bone mineral density and muscle performance (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Supervised high-intensity multimodal exercise training protocol had a positive effect on lumbar spine bone mineral density and muscle performance in postmenopausal women.
CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER
NCT04653350, Link https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04653350.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Bone Density; Postmenopause; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Pilot Projects; Exercise; Muscles
PubMed: 36660974
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.5394 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Osteoporosis (OP) is primarily diagnosed through bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, and it often leads to fracture. Observational studies suggest that several... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
INTRODUCTION
Osteoporosis (OP) is primarily diagnosed through bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, and it often leads to fracture. Observational studies suggest that several mental diseases (MDs) may be linked to OP, but the causal direction of these associations remain unclear. This study aims to explore the potential causal association between five MDs (Schizophrenia, Depression, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Epilepsy) and the risk of OP.
METHODS
First, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were filtered from summary-level genome-wide association studies using quality control measures. Subsequently, we employed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to indirectly analyze the causal effect of MDs on the risk of OP through bone mineral density (in total body, femoral neck, lumbar spine, forearm, and heel) and fractures (in leg, arm, heel, spine, and osteoporotic fractures). Lastly, the causal effect of the MDs on the risk of OP was evaluated directly through OP. MR analysis was performed using several methods, including inverse variance weighting (IVW)-random effects, IVW-fixed effects, maximum likelihood, weighted median, MR-Egger regression, and penalized weighted median.
RESULTS
The results did not show any evidence of a causal relationship between MDs and the risk of OP (with almost all P values > 0.05). The robustness of the above results was proved to be good.
DISCUSSION
In conclusion, this study did not find evidence supporting the claim that MDs have a definitive impact on the risk of OP, which contradicts many existing observational reports. Further studies are needed to determine the potential mechanisms of the associations observed in observational studies.
Topics: Humans; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Genome-Wide Association Study; Osteoporosis; Bone Density; Osteoporotic Fractures
PubMed: 37152964
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1125427 -
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism Nov 2022Globally, one in 11 adults has diabetes mellitus of which 90% have type 2 diabetes. The numbers for osteoporosis are no less staggering: 1 in 3 women has a fracture... (Review)
Review
Globally, one in 11 adults has diabetes mellitus of which 90% have type 2 diabetes. The numbers for osteoporosis are no less staggering: 1 in 3 women has a fracture after menopause, and the same is true for 1 in 5 men after the age of 50 years. Aging is associated with several physiological changes that cause insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, which in turn lead to hyperglycemia. The negative balance between bone resorption and formation is a natural process that appears after the fourth decade of life and lasts for the following decades, eroding the bone structure and increasing the risk of fractures. Not incidentally, it has been acknowledged that diabetes mellitus, regardless of whether type 1 or 2, is associated with an increased risk of fracture. The nuances that differentiate bone damage in the two main forms of diabetes are part of the intrinsic heterogeneity of diabetes, which is enhanced when associated with a condition as complex as osteoporosis. This narrative review addresses the main parameters related to the increased risk of fractures in individuals with diabetes, and the mutual factors affecting the treatment of diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis.
Topics: Male; Adult; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Bone Density; Osteoporosis; Bone and Bones; Fractures, Bone; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36382752
DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000552