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Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology Nov 2020Bone development occurs through a series of synchronous events that result in the formation of the body scaffold. The repair potential of bone and its surrounding... (Review)
Review
Bone development occurs through a series of synchronous events that result in the formation of the body scaffold. The repair potential of bone and its surrounding microenvironment - including inflammatory, endothelial and Schwann cells - persists throughout adulthood, enabling restoration of tissue to its homeostatic functional state. The isolation of a single skeletal stem cell population through cell surface markers and the development of single-cell technologies are enabling precise elucidation of cellular activity and fate during bone repair by providing key insights into the mechanisms that maintain and regenerate bone during homeostasis and repair. Increased understanding of bone development, as well as normal and aberrant bone repair, has important therapeutic implications for the treatment of bone disease and ageing-related degeneration.
Topics: Animals; Bone Development; Bone Diseases; Bone and Bones; Humans; Regeneration
PubMed: 32901139
DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00279-w -
Bone Nov 2015The development of the vertebrate skeleton reflects its evolutionary history. Cartilage formation came before biomineralization and a head skeleton evolved before the... (Review)
Review
The development of the vertebrate skeleton reflects its evolutionary history. Cartilage formation came before biomineralization and a head skeleton evolved before the formation of axial and appendicular skeletal structures. This review describes the processes that result in endochondral and intramembranous ossification, the important roles of growth and transcription factors, and the consequences of mutations in some of the genes involved. Following a summary of the origin of cartilage, muscle, and tendon cell lineages in the axial skeleton, we discuss the role of muscle forces in the formation of skeletal architecture and assembly of musculoskeletal functional units. Finally, ontogenetic patterning of bones in response to mechanical loading is reviewed.This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
Topics: Animals; Bone Development; Chondrogenesis; Humans; Osteogenesis; Tendons; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 26453494
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.035 -
European Spine Journal : Official... Oct 2001Osteoinduction is the process by which osteogenesis is induced. It is a phenomenon regularly seen in any type of bone healing process. Osteoinduction implies the... (Review)
Review
Osteoinduction is the process by which osteogenesis is induced. It is a phenomenon regularly seen in any type of bone healing process. Osteoinduction implies the recruitment of immature cells and the stimulation of these cells to develop into preosteoblasts. In a bone healing situation such as a fracture, the majority of bone healing is dependent on osteoinduction. Osteoconduction means that bone grows on a surface. This phenomenon is regularly seen in the case of bone implants. Implant materials of low biocompatibility such as copper, silver and bone cement shows little or no osteoconduction. Osseointegration is the stable anchorage of an implant achieved by direct bone-to-implant contact. In craniofacial implantology, this mode of anchorage is the only one for which high success rates have been reported. Osseointegration is possible in other parts of the body, but its importance for the anchorage of major arthroplasties is under debate. Ingrowth of bone in a porous-coated prosthesis may or may not represent osseointegration.
Topics: Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Humans; Osseointegration; Osteogenesis; Wound Healing
PubMed: 11716023
DOI: 10.1007/s005860100282 -
Nutrients Mar 2019Calcium is an important nutrient with impact upon many biological systems, most notably bone. Ensuring adequate calcium intake throughout the lifespan is essential to... (Review)
Review
Calcium is an important nutrient with impact upon many biological systems, most notably bone. Ensuring adequate calcium intake throughout the lifespan is essential to building and maintaining bone. Lactose intolerance may predispose individuals to low calcium intake as the number of lactose-free, calcium-rich food sources is limited. In this review, we summarize data from human and animal studies on the influence of lactose and lactase deficiency on calcium absorption and bone health. Based on the available evidence, neither dietary lactose nor lactase deficiency have a significant impact on calcium absorption in adult humans. However, lactose intolerance may lead to reduced bone density and fragility fractures when accompanied by decreased intake or avoidance of dairy. Recently published human trials and meta-analyses suggest a weak but significant association between dairy consumption and bone health, particularly in children. Given the availability of simple dietary approaches to building lactose tolerance and the nutritional deficiencies associated with dairy avoidance, multiple public health organizations recommend that all individuals-including those that are lactose intolerant-consume three servings of dairy per day to ensure adequate nutrient intakes and optimal bone health.
Topics: Aging; Bone Density; Bone Development; Calcium; Humans; Lactose Intolerance
PubMed: 30925689
DOI: 10.3390/nu11040718 -
Cell Stem Cell Dec 2021Multiple distinct types of skeletal progenitors have been shown to contribute to endochondral bone development and maintenance. However, the division of labor and...
Multiple distinct types of skeletal progenitors have been shown to contribute to endochondral bone development and maintenance. However, the division of labor and hierarchical relationship between different progenitor populations remain undetermined. Here we developed dual-recombinase fate-mapping systems to capture the skeletal progenitor transition during postnatal bone formation. We showed that postnatal osteoblasts arose primarily from chondrocytes before adolescence and from Lepr bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) after adolescence. This transition occurred in the diaphysis during adolescence and progressively spread to the metaphysis. The osteoblast-forming Lepr BMSCs derived primarily from fetal Col2 cells. Conditional deletion of Runx2 from perinatal chondrocytes and adult Lepr BMSCs impaired bone lengthening and thickening, respectively. Forced running increased osteoblast formation by perinatal chondrocytes but not by adult Lepr BMSCs. Thus, the short-term developmental skeletal progenitors generated the long-term adult skeletal progenitors. They sequentially control the growth and maintenance of endochondral bones.
Topics: Bone Development; Chondrocytes; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 34499868
DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.08.010 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Bone is an important tissue which is a structural body component, carrying out the roles of mechanical stress response and organ/tissue protection [...].
Bone is an important tissue which is a structural body component, carrying out the roles of mechanical stress response and organ/tissue protection [...].
Topics: Bone Regeneration; Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Stress, Mechanical; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 37240107
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108761 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2020Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the underlying energy sources for animals and are catabolized through specific biochemical cascades involving numerous enzymes. The... (Review)
Review
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are the underlying energy sources for animals and are catabolized through specific biochemical cascades involving numerous enzymes. The catabolites and metabolites in these metabolic pathways are crucial for many cellular functions; therefore, an imbalance and/or dysregulation of these pathways causes cellular dysfunction, resulting in various metabolic diseases. Bone, a highly mineralized organ that serves as a skeleton of the body, undergoes continuous active turnover, which is required for the maintenance of healthy bony components through the deposition and resorption of bone matrix and minerals. This highly coordinated event is regulated throughout life by bone cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and requires synchronized activities from different metabolic pathways. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the cellular metabolism involved in bone development and homeostasis, as revealed by mouse genetic studies.
Topics: Animals; Bone Development; Homeostasis; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolism; Models, Biological
PubMed: 33256181
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238992 -
FEBS Letters Mar 2022Bone biology has long been driven by the question as to what molecules affect cell differentiation or the functions of bone. Exploring this issue has been an... (Review)
Review
Bone biology has long been driven by the question as to what molecules affect cell differentiation or the functions of bone. Exploring this issue has been an extraordinarily powerful way to improve our knowledge of bone development and physiology. More recently, a second question has emerged: does bone have other functions besides making bone? Addressing this conundrum revealed that the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin affects a surprisingly large number of organs and physiological processes, including acute stress response. This review will focus on this emerging aspect of bone biology taking osteocalcin as a case study and will show how classical and endocrine functions of bone help to define a new functional identity for this tissue.
Topics: Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Hormones; Osteocalcin
PubMed: 34913486
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14259 -
Open Biology Oct 2019Skeletal vasculature plays a central role in the maintenance of microenvironments for osteogenesis and haematopoiesis. In addition to supplying oxygen and nutrients,... (Review)
Review
Skeletal vasculature plays a central role in the maintenance of microenvironments for osteogenesis and haematopoiesis. In addition to supplying oxygen and nutrients, vasculature provides a number of inductive factors termed as angiocrine signals. Blood vessels drive recruitment of osteoblast precursors and bone formation during development. Angiogenesis is indispensable for bone repair and regeneration. Dysregulation of the angiocrine crosstalk is a hallmark of ageing and pathobiological conditions in the skeletal system. The skeletal vascular bed is complex, heterogeneous and characterized by distinct capillary subtypes (type H and type L), which exhibit differential expression of angiocrine factors. Furthermore, distinct blood vessel subtypes with differential angiocrine profiles differentially regulate osteogenesis and haematopoiesis, and drive disease states in the skeletal system. This review provides an overview of the role of angiocrine signals in bone during homeostasis and disease.
Topics: Animals; Autocrine Communication; Bone Development; Bone Diseases; Homeostasis; Humans; Neovascularization, Physiologic
PubMed: 31575330
DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190144 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Feb 2022Osteoblasts are responsible for bone matrix production during bone development and homeostasis. Much is known about the transcriptional regulation and signaling pathways... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Osteoblasts are responsible for bone matrix production during bone development and homeostasis. Much is known about the transcriptional regulation and signaling pathways governing osteoblast differentiation. However, less is known about how osteoblasts obtain or utilize nutrients to fulfill the energetic demands associated with osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix synthesis. The goal of this review is to highlight and discuss what is known about the role and regulation of bioenergetic metabolism in osteoblasts with a focus on more recent studies.
RECENT FINDINGS
Bioenergetic metabolism has emerged as an important regulatory node in osteoblasts. Recent studies have begun to identify the major nutrients and bioenergetic pathways favored by osteoblasts as well as their regulation during differentiation. Here, we highlight how osteoblasts obtain and metabolize glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to provide energy and other metabolic intermediates. In addition, we highlight the signals that regulate nutrient uptake and metabolism and focus on how energetic metabolism promotes osteoblast differentiation. Bioenergetic metabolism provides energy and other metabolites that are critical for osteoblast differentiation and activity. This knowledge contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of osteoblast biology and may inform novel strategies to modulate osteoblast differentiation and bone anabolism in patients with bone disorders.
Topics: Bone Development; Cell Differentiation; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 35112289
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00721-2