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International Journal of Infectious... Apr 2019Treatment of bone and joint infections can be challenging as antibiotics should penetrate through the rigid bone structure and into the synovial space. Several... (Review)
Review
Treatment of bone and joint infections can be challenging as antibiotics should penetrate through the rigid bone structure and into the synovial space. Several pharmacokinetic studies measured the extent of penetration of different antibiotics into bone and joint tissues. This review discusses the results of these studies and compares them with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of common pathogens implicated in bone and joint infections in order to determine which antibiotics may have a greater potential in the treatment of such infections. Clinical outcomes were also evaluated as data were available. More than 30 antibiotics were evaluated. Overall, most antibiotics, including amoxicillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cloxacillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, aztreonam, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, doxycycline, vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin, rifampin, dalbavancin, and oritavancin, showed good penetration into bone and joint tissues reaching concentrations exceeding the MIC and/or MIC breakpoints of common bone and joint infections pathogens. Few exceptions include penicillin and metronidazole which showed a lower than optimum penetration into bones, and the latter as well as flucloxacillin had poor profiles in terms of joint space penetration. Of note, studies on joint space penetration were fewer than studies on bone tissue penetration. Although clinical studies in osteomyelitis and septic arthritis are not available for all of the evaluated antibiotics, these pharmacokinetic results indicate that agents with good penetration profiles would have a potential utilization in such infections.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Bone and Bones; Humans; Joints; Osteomyelitis
PubMed: 30772469
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.005 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia... Jul 2014With the advent of high active antiretroviral therapy there was a significant improvement on HIV subjects survival. Thus, bone changes related to HIV became an important... (Review)
Review
With the advent of high active antiretroviral therapy there was a significant improvement on HIV subjects survival. Thus, bone changes related to HIV became an important aspect of these individuals. HIV affects bone remodeling causing bone fragility. In addition, antiretroviral therapy may also negatively affect bone metabolism. Several studies describe an increased incidence of fractures in these patients when compared with controls without the disease. The European Society of AIDS (EACS), and other societies, have included guidance on management of osteoporosis in HIV-infected patients emphasizing the identification of patients with low bone mass. Supplementation of calcium and vitamin D and the use of alendronate in these individuals should be recommended on a case base.
Topics: Aging; Anti-Retroviral Agents; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Female; Fractures, Bone; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Osteoporosis; Osteoporotic Fractures; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25166038
DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000003323 -
Viruses Oct 2020Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus, transmitted by mosquitoes, which causes Chikungunya fever with symptoms of fever, rash, headache, and joint pain. In about... (Review)
Review
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus, transmitted by mosquitoes, which causes Chikungunya fever with symptoms of fever, rash, headache, and joint pain. In about 30%-40% of cases, the infection leads to polyarthritis and polyarthralgia. Presently, there are no treatment strategies or vaccine for Chikungunya fever. Moreover, the mechanism of CHIKV induced bone pathology is not fully understood. The modulation of host machinery is known to be essential in establishing viral pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate major cellular functions by modulating gene expression. Fascinatingly, recent reports have indicated the role of miRNAs in regulating bone homeostasis and altered expression of miRNAs in bone-related pathological diseases. In this review, we summarize the altered expression of miRNAs during CHIKV pathogenesis and the possible role of miRNAs during bone homeostasis in the context of CHIKV infection. A holistic understanding of the different signaling pathways targeted by miRNAs during bone remodeling and during CHIKV-induced bone pathology may lead to identification of useful biomarkers or therapeutics.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Chikungunya Fever; Chikungunya virus; Gene Expression Regulation; Homeostasis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mice; MicroRNAs; Osteogenesis; Signal Transduction; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33114216
DOI: 10.3390/v12111207 -
APMIS : Acta Pathologica,... Apr 2020Bone infections are difficult to diagnose and treat, especially when a prosthetic joint replacement or implant is involved. Bone loss is a major complication of... (Review)
Review
Bone infections are difficult to diagnose and treat, especially when a prosthetic joint replacement or implant is involved. Bone loss is a major complication of osteomyelitis, but the mechanism behind has mainly been investigated in cell cultures and has not been confirmed in human settings. Inflammation is important in initiating an appropriate immune response to invading pathogens. However, many of the signaling molecules used by the immune system can also modulate bone remodeling and contribute to bone resorption during osteomyelitis. Our current knowledge of the inflammatory response relies heavily on animal models as research based on human samples is scarce. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of bone infections and is the pathogen of choice in animal models. The regulation of inflammatory genes during prosthetic joint infections and implant-associated osteomyelitis has only been studied in rodent models. It is important to consider the validity of an animal model when results are extrapolated to humans, and both bone composition and the immune system of pigs has been shown to be more similar to humans, than to rodents. Here in vivo studies on the inflammatory response to prosthetic joint infections and implant-associated osteomyelitis are reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammation; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 31976582
DOI: 10.1111/apm.13027 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Jun 2021
Topics: Arthritis, Infectious; Bone and Bones; Humans; Prosthesis-Related Infections
PubMed: 33857682
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2021.102928 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Jun 2010The available data indicate that HIV-infected children and adolescents have reduced bone mass compared to healthy peers. The increased survival due to the control of HIV... (Review)
Review
The available data indicate that HIV-infected children and adolescents have reduced bone mass compared to healthy peers. The increased survival due to the control of HIV infection by potent antiretroviral treatment, exposes patients to the achievement of a reduced peak bone mass and to an increased fracture risk during adult life. Reduced bone mass in HIV-infected children is the result of altered bone metabolism, showing significantly increased bone resorption rate. Both infection per se and the use of certain antiretroviral compounds seem to contribute to the altered metabolism. Preventative measures to improve bone health are thus necessary in all young patients that exhibit low bone mass measurements and altered bone metabolism.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Child; HIV Infections; Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 20515800
DOI: 10.2741/e188 -
Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS Jul 2011This review details recent findings from cohort studies that inform the prevalence, incidence and effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV infection on low bone... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review details recent findings from cohort studies that inform the prevalence, incidence and effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV infection on low bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis and fractures in different populations of HIV-infected individuals. Although ART has been spectacularly effective in prevention of disease progression and improvement in survival, the effects of ART on bone health require more research.
RECENT FINDINGS
Both HIV infection and ART are associated with significant bone loss in HIV-infected individuals. The clinical consequence of low BMD, fragility fractures are more common in older HIV patients, but the significance of low BMD remains unclear in younger individuals. Vitamin D deficiency is common, but the prevalence is no different to the general population, and no effect on BMD has been noted in cross-sectional studies. Frailty occurs at a prevalence of about 10% and is related to impaired immunity.
SUMMARY
This review examines the contributions from recent cohort studies to the understanding of the pathogenesis of bone loss in HIV, and the complex and poorly understood relationship between the effects of HIV and that of ART on bone loss.
Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Bone Resorption; Bone and Bones; Cohort Studies; Fractures, Bone; HIV Infections; Humans; Incidence; Prevalence
PubMed: 21537171
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e3283478741 -
Chinese Journal of Traumatology =... Dec 2020In this paper, we review the results of previous studies and summarize the effects of various factors on the regulation of bone metabolism in traumatic bone infections.... (Review)
Review
In this paper, we review the results of previous studies and summarize the effects of various factors on the regulation of bone metabolism in traumatic bone infections. Infection-related bone destruction incorporates pathogens and iatrogenic factors in the process of bone resorption dominated by the skeletal and immune systems. The development of bone immunology has established a bridge of communication between the skeletal system and the immune system. Exploring the effects of pathogens, skeletal systems, immune systems, and antibacterials on bone repair in infectious conditions can help improve the treatment of these diseases.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone and Bones; Cellular Microenvironment; Humans; Immune System; Lymphocyte Subsets; Osteitis; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 32847694
DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.05.009 -
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related... Oct 1973
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bone and Bones; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Diabetic Angiopathies; Diabetic Neuropathies; Epiphyses; Humans; Infant; Microcirculation; Necrosis; Osteomyelitis; Periosteum; Rabbits
PubMed: 4593329
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2021Bone substitutes have been applied to treat osseous defects for a long time. To prevent implant related infection (IRI) and enhance bone healing functionalized... (Review)
Review
Bone substitutes have been applied to treat osseous defects for a long time. To prevent implant related infection (IRI) and enhance bone healing functionalized biomaterials, antibiotics and osteoinductive substances have been introduced. This study gives an overview of the current available surface-coated bone substitutes and provides an outlook for future perspectives.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Substitutes; Bone and Bones; Humans
PubMed: 33922517
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094412