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Current Osteoporosis Reports Oct 2021Bone's ability to withstand load resisting fracture and adapting to it highly depends on the quality of its matrix and its regulators. This review focuses on the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW
Bone's ability to withstand load resisting fracture and adapting to it highly depends on the quality of its matrix and its regulators. This review focuses on the contribution of bone quality to fracture resistance and possible therapeutic targets for skeletal fragility in aging and disease.
RECENT FINDINGS
The highly organized, hierarchical composite structure of bone extracellular matrix together with its (re)modeling mechanisms and microdamage dynamics determines its stiffness, strength, and toughness. Aging and disease affect the biological processes regulating bone quality, thus resulting in defective extracellular matrix and bone fragility. Targeted therapies are being developed to restore bone's mechanical integrity. However, their current limitations include low tissue selectivity and adverse side effects. Biological and mechanical insights into the mechanisms controlling bone quality, together with advances in drug delivery and studies in animal models, will accelerate the development and translation to clinical application of effective targeted-therapeutics for bone fragility.
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Matrix; Bone Remodeling; Fractures, Bone; Humans
PubMed: 34414561
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00696-6 -
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology Nov 2019Matrix mineralization can be divided into physiological mineralization and pathological mineralization. There is a consensus among existing studies that matrix vesicles... (Review)
Review
Matrix mineralization can be divided into physiological mineralization and pathological mineralization. There is a consensus among existing studies that matrix vesicles (MVs) are the starting sites of bone mineralization, and each component of MVs serves a certain function in mineralization. In addition, ectopic MVs pathologically promote undesired calcification, the primary focus of which is the promotion of vascular calcification. However, the specific mechanisms of the actions of MVs in bone-vascular axis cross-talk have not been fully elucidated. This review summarizes the latest research in this field and explores the roles of MVs in the bone-vascular axis with the aim of generating new ideas for the prevention and treatment of vascular calcification and bone metabolic disease.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Bone Matrix; Calcification, Physiologic; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Humans; Signal Transduction; Vascular Calcification
PubMed: 31361703
DOI: 10.1097/FJC.0000000000000720 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Jun 2021Bone matrix exhibits great complexity in its composition, structure and mechanics. Here, we provide a review of recent research articles and appraise the evidence that... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Bone matrix exhibits great complexity in its composition, structure and mechanics. Here, we provide a review of recent research articles and appraise the evidence that bone matrix quality is clinically important and possibly targetable for fracture prevention.
RECENT FINDINGS
Deformation of mineralised collagen fibrils determines bone fracture mechanics. Slipping and separation at the mineral-fibril and fibril-fibril interfaces, respectively, are the structural mechanisms for plastic deformation and microcrack nucleation. Existing technologies for assessing bone tissue in vivo cannot measure matrix structure or fracture mechanics but have shown limited use in clinical settings for identifying fragility or following treatment outcomes based on composition. Matrix is biomechanically and clinically important, but the knowledge has not translated into clinical practice. The structural mechanisms by which a load is transferred from mineralised collagen fibrils to the whole bone via microcracking have been proven too complex to measure in vivo. The mineral-fibril or fibril-fibril interfaces might be suitable targets for diagnosing fragility or delivering molecules that reduce fracture risk by strengthening the mineral bonds while maintaining flexibility in the fibrils.
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Matrix; Collagen; Elastic Modulus; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 33876386
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00678-8 -
Journal of Dental Research Dec 2010Bones provide mechanical and protective function, while also serving as housing for marrow and a site for regulation of calcium ion homeostasis. The properties of bones... (Review)
Review
Bones provide mechanical and protective function, while also serving as housing for marrow and a site for regulation of calcium ion homeostasis. The properties of bones do not remain constant with age; rather, they change throughout life, in some cases improving in function, but in others, function deteriorates. Here we review the modifications in the mechanical function and shape of bones, the bone cells, the matrix they produce, and the mineral that is deposited on this matrix, while presenting recent theories about the factors leading to these changes.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Density; Bone Development; Bone Matrix; Bone and Bones; Humans; Models, Animal; Molecular Biology; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 20924069
DOI: 10.1177/0022034510377791 -
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related... Sep 1984A review of the literature on bone formation induced by demineralized bone and dentin indicates that: there is considerable interest in the biology and applied science... (Review)
Review
A review of the literature on bone formation induced by demineralized bone and dentin indicates that: there is considerable interest in the biology and applied science of osteoinduction; the technology has been developed, but it varies in detail from one laboratory to another because of specific and individual objectives; and the accumulated evidence supports the concept of cartilage and bone cell differentiation induced by a unique bone morphogenetic protein (BMP).
Topics: Animals; Bone Matrix; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Cattle; Cell Differentiation; Decalcification Technique; Dentin; Growth Substances; Histocompatibility; Humans; Osteogenesis; Powders; Proteins; Rabbits; Sterilization
PubMed: 6380863
DOI: No ID Found -
Matrix Biology : Journal of the... 2016Osteoclasts are unique cells that destroy the mineralized matrix of the skeleton. There is a "love-hate" relationship between the osteoclasts and the bone matrix,... (Review)
Review
Osteoclasts are unique cells that destroy the mineralized matrix of the skeleton. There is a "love-hate" relationship between the osteoclasts and the bone matrix, whereby the osteoclast is stimulated by the contact with the matrix but, at the same time, it disrupts the matrix, which, in turn, counteracts this disruption by some of its components. The balance between these concerted events brings about bone resorption to be controlled and to contribute to bone tissue integrity and skeletal health. The matrix components released by osteoclasts are also involved in the local regulation of other bone cells and in the systemic control of organismal homeostasis. Disruption of this regulatory loop causes bone diseases, which may end up with either reduced or increased bone mass, often associated with poor bone quality. Expanding the knowledge on osteoclast-to-matrix interaction could help to counteract these diseases and improve the human bone health. In this article, we will present evidence of the physical, molecular and regulatory relationships between the osteoclasts and the mineralized matrix, discussing the underlying mechanisms as well as their pathologic alterations and potential targeting.
Topics: Animals; Bone Matrix; Bone Resorption; Cell Differentiation; Diastasis, Bone; Humans; Osteoclasts
PubMed: 26921625
DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.02.009 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Jan 2012Mammalian bones are composed of calcium phosphate crystals in a protein matrix. The major form of the calcium phosphate is hydroxyapatite. The most abundant matrix... (Review)
Review
Mammalian bones are composed of calcium phosphate crystals in a protein matrix. The major form of the calcium phosphate is hydroxyapatite. The most abundant matrix protein in bone is type I collagen. Collagen contributes to the mechanical properties of bone and is necessary for calcification of the tissue. In addition to collagen, several acidic proteins are present as minor components. Osteocalcin is a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein of bone, which has an affinity to hydroxyapatite and can prevent crystal growth. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin are acidic glycophosphoproteins of bone. These proteins have RGD cell-attachment sequences and consecutive sequences of acidic amino acids. The poly glutamic acid sequences of BSP act as possible nucleation sites for hydroxyapatite crystals. Dentin phosphoprotein is the major non-collagenous protein of dentin. This protein has (Asp-Ser-Ser) repeat sequences, in which most of the Ser residues are phosphorylated. Some of these acidic matrix proteins are immobilized on the collagen fibrils and induce nucleation of hydroxyapatite crystals. They can also modulate crystal shape by adsorption on a specific face of the crystals.
Topics: Animals; Bone Matrix; Calcification, Physiologic; Proteins
PubMed: 22201843
DOI: 10.2741/4026 -
Osteoporosis International : a Journal... Jun 2009
Review
Topics: Bone Matrix; Cell Communication; Compressive Strength; Humans; Osteocytes
PubMed: 19340509
DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-0856-7 -
Micron (Oxford, England : 1993) 2005Skeletal tissues associate in close interaction, a dense organic matrix and a mineral network. In bone, the major structural protein is type I collagen, associated with... (Review)
Review
Skeletal tissues associate in close interaction, a dense organic matrix and a mineral network. In bone, the major structural protein is type I collagen, associated with inorganic crystals of hydroxyapatite. The three-dimensional arrangement of collagen fibrils in compact bone forms regularly ordered networks and a parallel was evidenced between these structures and molecular assemblies described in liquid crystals. Similar structures are now obtained in vitro. Indeed, when purified type I collagen is highly concentrated in an acid soluble state, the protein spontaneously assembles into ordered liquid crystalline phases. After a sol/gel transition triggered by pH increase, biomimetic materials are formed which resemble the exact compact bone matrix architecture over distances reaching centimetres and more. The properties of these highly ordered materials will be reviewed recalling their supramolecular arrangement and the corresponding patterns when visualised in polarised light microscopy (birefringence) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The association of inorganic phases (amorphous silica) to form chiral hybrid materials will also be described so as the behaviour of cells (fibroblast adhesion and migration) when seeded on these dense biomimetic matrices.
Topics: Biomimetic Materials; Bone Matrix; Collagen; Fibroblasts; Gels; Humans; Liquid Crystals; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Microscopy, Polarization; Osteogenesis; Silicon Dioxide
PubMed: 16169238
DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2005.07.005 -
Calcified Tissue International Jan 2003
Review
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Bone Matrix; Humans; Osteogenesis; Proteoglycans
PubMed: 12710463
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-002-1017-6