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European Journal of Oral Sciences Oct 2017Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is commonly used in combination with the installment of titanium implants. The application of a membrane to exclude non-osteogenic tissues... (Review)
Review
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is commonly used in combination with the installment of titanium implants. The application of a membrane to exclude non-osteogenic tissues from interfering with bone regeneration is a key principle of GBR. Membrane materials possess a number of properties which are amenable to modification. A large number of membranes have been introduced for experimental and clinical verification. This prompts the need for an update on membrane properties and the biological outcomes, as well as a critical assessment of the biological mechanisms governing bone regeneration in defects covered by membranes. The relevant literature for this narrative review was assessed after a MEDLINE/PubMed database search. Experimental data suggest that different modifications of the physicochemical and mechanical properties of membranes may promote bone regeneration. Nevertheless, the precise role of membrane porosities for the barrier function of GBR membranes still awaits elucidation. Novel experimental findings also suggest an active role of the membrane compartment per se in promoting the regenerative processes in the underlying defect during GBR, instead of being purely a passive barrier. The optimization of membrane materials by systematically addressing both the barrier and the bioactive properties is an important strategy in this field of research.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Dental Implants; Guided Tissue Regeneration; Humans; Membranes, Artificial; Osseointegration; Titanium
PubMed: 28833567
DOI: 10.1111/eos.12364 -
Experimental & Molecular Medicine Nov 2022The mammalian skeletal system is densely innervated by both neural and vascular networks. Peripheral nerves in the skeleton include sensory and sympathetic nerves. The... (Review)
Review
The mammalian skeletal system is densely innervated by both neural and vascular networks. Peripheral nerves in the skeleton include sensory and sympathetic nerves. The crosstalk between skeletal and neural tissues is critical for skeletal development and regeneration. The cellular processes of osteogenesis and angiogenesis are coupled in both physiological and pathophysiological contexts. The cellular and molecular regulation of osteogenesis and angiogenesis have yet to be fully defined. This review will provide a detailed characterization of the regulatory role of nerves and blood vessels during bone regeneration. Furthermore, given the importance of the spatial relationship between nerves and blood vessels in bone, we discuss neurovascular coupling during physiological and pathological bone formation. A better understanding of the interactions between nerves and blood vessels will inform future novel therapeutic neural and vascular targeting for clinical bone repair and regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Neurovascular Coupling; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Bone Regeneration; Osteogenesis; Bone and Bones; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Mammals
PubMed: 36446849
DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00899-6 -
Advanced Healthcare Materials Feb 2019Biomaterials with suitable surface modification strategies are contributing significantly to the rapid development of the field of bone tissue engineering. Despite these... (Review)
Review
Biomaterials with suitable surface modification strategies are contributing significantly to the rapid development of the field of bone tissue engineering. Despite these encouraging results, utilization of biomaterials is poorly translated to human clinical trials potentially due to lack of knowledge about the interaction between biomaterials and the body defense mechanism, the "immune system". The highly complex immune system involves the coordinated action of many immune cells that can produce various inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Besides, bone fracture healing initiates with acute inflammation and may later transform to a regenerative or degenerative phase mainly due to the cross-talk between immune cells and other cells in the bone regeneration process. Among various immune cells, macrophages possess a significant role in the immune defense, where their polarization state plays a key role in the wound healing process. Growing evidence shows that the macrophage polarization state is highly sensitive to the biomaterial's physiochemical properties, and advances in biomaterial research now allow well controlled surface properties. This review provides an overview of biomaterial-mediated modulation of the immune response for regulating key bone regeneration events, such as osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and inflammation, and it discusses how these strategies can be utilized for future bone tissue engineering applications.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Osteogenesis; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 30328293
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801106 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Apr 2018Regenerative medicine has sparked interest in potential strategies for bone repair. Bone defects are widespread and could be caused by trauma, congenital malformations,... (Review)
Review
Regenerative medicine has sparked interest in potential strategies for bone repair. Bone defects are widespread and could be caused by trauma, congenital malformations, infections, and surgery. Although bone has a large self-healing capacity, some defects or fractures are too big to regenerate. To regenerate bone structures which can be used for treatment of patients, bone growth must be induced by a number of bioactive implantable materials, cell types and intracellular, and extracellular molecular signaling pathways. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their differentiation during remodeling processes have important roles in bone regeneration, it is believed that understanding molecular signaling pathways involved is crucial to the development of bone implants, bone substitute materials, and cell-based scaffolds for bone regeneration. In this review, we briefly introduce concepts in fracture repair and regeneration following bone injuries, and then discuss the current clinical methods in bone regeneration. In the next section, we review the involvement of the various key signaling pathways in bone regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 28590066
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26042 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Bone is an important tissue which is a structural body component, carrying out the roles of mechanical stress response and organ/tissue protection [...].
Bone is an important tissue which is a structural body component, carrying out the roles of mechanical stress response and organ/tissue protection [...].
Topics: Bone Regeneration; Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Stress, Mechanical; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 37240107
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108761 -
International Journal of Biological... 2021Both osteoblasts and preosteoclasts contribute to the coupling of osteogenesis and angiogenesis, regulating bone regeneration. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a glycoside of...
Both osteoblasts and preosteoclasts contribute to the coupling of osteogenesis and angiogenesis, regulating bone regeneration. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a glycoside of cycloartane-type triterpene derived from the Chinese herb , exhibits various biological activities, including stimulating angiogenesis and attenuating ischemic-hypoxic injury. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of AS-IV in osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and bone regeneration remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that AS-IV treatment inhibited osteoclastogenesis, preserved preosteoclasts, and enhanced platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced angiogenesis. Additionally, AS-IV promoted cell viability, osteogenic differentiation, and angiogenic gene expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The activation of AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling was found to contribute to the effects of AS-IV on osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis. Furthermore, AS-IV accelerated bone regeneration during distraction osteogenesis (DO), as evidenced from the improved radiological and histological manifestations and biomechanical parameters, accompanied by enhanced angiogenesis within the distraction zone. In summary, AS-IV accelerates bone regeneration during DO, by enhancing osteogenesis and preosteoclast-induced angiogenesis simultaneously, partially through AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. These findings reveal that AS-IV may serve as a potential bioactive molecule for promoting the coupling of osteogenesis and angiogenesis, and imply that AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling may be a promising therapeutic target for patients during DO treatment.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Regeneration; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Male; Models, Animal; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Saponins; Triterpenes
PubMed: 33994865
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57681 -
Periodontology 2000 Oct 2023The key factors that are needed for bone regeneration to take place include cells (osteoprogenitor and immune-inflammatory cells), a scaffold (blood clot) that... (Review)
Review
The key factors that are needed for bone regeneration to take place include cells (osteoprogenitor and immune-inflammatory cells), a scaffold (blood clot) that facilitates the deposition of the bone matrix, signaling molecules, blood supply, and mechanical stability. However, even when these principles are met, the overall amount of regenerated bone, its stability over time and the incidence of complications may significantly vary. This manuscript provides a critical review on the main local and systemic factors that may have an impact on bone regeneration, trying to focus, whenever possible, on bone regeneration simultaneous to implant placement to treat bone dehiscence/fenestration defects or for bone contouring. In the future, it is likely that bone tissue engineering will change our approach to bone regeneration in implant dentistry by replacing the current biomaterials with osteoinductive scaffolds combined with cells and mechanical/soluble factors and by employing immunomodulatory materials that can both modulate the immune response and control other bone regeneration processes such as osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, or inflammation. However, there are currently important knowledge gaps on the biology of osseous formation and on the factors that can influence it that require further investigation. It is recommended that future studies should combine traditional clinical and radiographic assessments with non-invasive imaging and with patient-reported outcome measures. We also envisage that the integration of multi-omics approaches will help uncover the mechanisms responsible for the variability in regenerative outcomes observed in clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Bone Regeneration; Osteogenesis; Biocompatible Materials; Tissue Engineering; Dentistry
PubMed: 37615306
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12518 -
BioMed Research International 2020
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Humans
PubMed: 32766310
DOI: 10.1155/2020/6297356 -
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2021With the rapid development of nanotechnology, various nanomaterials have been applied to bone repair and regeneration. Due to the unique chemical, physical and... (Review)
Review
With the rapid development of nanotechnology, various nanomaterials have been applied to bone repair and regeneration. Due to the unique chemical, physical and mechanical properties, nanomaterials could promote stem cells osteogenic differentiation, which has great potentials in bone tissue engineering and exploiting nanomaterials-based bone regeneration strategies. In this review, we summarized current nanomaterials with osteo-induction ability, which could be potentially applied to bone tissue engineering. Meanwhile, the unique properties of these nanomaterials and their effects on stem cell osteogenic differentiation are also discussed. Furthermore, possible signaling pathways involved in the nanomaterials- induced cell osteogenic differentiation are also highlighted in this review.
Topics: Animals; Bone Regeneration; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Humans; Nanostructures; Osteogenesis; Stem Cells
PubMed: 32436831
DOI: 10.2174/1574888X15666200521083834 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Oct 2022The periosteum, the outer layer of bone, is a major source of skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) for bone repair. Here, we discuss recent findings on the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The periosteum, the outer layer of bone, is a major source of skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) for bone repair. Here, we discuss recent findings on the characterization, role, and regulation of periosteal SSPCs (pSSPCs) during bone regeneration.
RECENT FINDINGS
Several markers have been described for pSSPCs but lack tissue specificity. In vivo lineage tracing and transcriptomic analyses have improved our understanding of pSSPC functions during bone regeneration. Bone injury activates pSSPCs that migrate, proliferate, and have the unique potential to form both bone and cartilage. The injury response of pSSPCs is controlled by many signaling pathways including BMP, FGF, Notch, and Wnt, their metabolic state, and their interactions with the blood clot, nerve fibers, blood vessels, and macrophages in the fracture environment. Periosteal SSPCs are essential for bone regeneration. Despite recent advances, further studies are required to elucidate pSSPC heterogeneity and plasticity that make them a central component of the fracture healing process and a prime target for clinical applications.
Topics: Bone Regeneration; Cartilage; Fracture Healing; Humans; Osteogenesis; Periosteum; Stem Cells
PubMed: 35829950
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00737-8