-
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2021Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. All ages are susceptible. In the prevaccine era, almost all children became...
Pertussis (whooping cough) is a respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. All ages are susceptible. In the prevaccine era, almost all children became infected. Pertussis is particularly dangerous in young infants, who account for practically all hospitalizations and deaths, but clinical disease is burdensome at any age. Widespread use of pertussis vaccines dramatically reduced cases, but concern over adverse reactions led to the replacement of standard whole-cell by acellular pertussis vaccines that contain only a few selected pertussis antigens and are far less reactogenic. Routine administration of acellular pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids is recommended in infancy with toddler and preschool boosters, at age 11, and during pregnancy. Boosting in the second half of every pregancy is critical to protection of the newborn. Waning of vaccine immunity over time has become an increasing concern, and several new pertussis vaccines are being evaluated to address this problem.
Topics: Bordetella pertussis; Child; Child, Preschool; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines; Female; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Infant; Male; Pertussis Vaccine; Vaccine-Preventable Diseases; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 34590129
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa469 -
Virulence Dec 2021The highly contagious whooping cough agent has evolved as a human-restricted pathogen from a progenitor which also gave rise to and . While the latter colonizes a... (Review)
Review
The highly contagious whooping cough agent has evolved as a human-restricted pathogen from a progenitor which also gave rise to and . While the latter colonizes a broad range of mammals and is able to survive in the environment, has lost its ability to survive outside its host through massive genome decay. Instead, it has become a highly successful human pathogen by the acquisition of tightly regulated virulence factors and evolutionary adaptation of its metabolism to its particular niche. By the deployment of an arsenal of highly sophisticated virulence factors it overcomes many of the innate immune defenses. It also interferes with vaccine-induced adaptive immunity by various mechanisms. Here, we review data from , human and animal models to illustrate the mechanisms of adaptation to the human respiratory tract and provide evidence of ongoing evolutionary adaptation as a highly successful human pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella parapertussis; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Mammals; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34590541
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1980987 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2023Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines induce potent... (Review)
Review
Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines induce potent circulating IgG and prevent severe disease in children/adults and in infants born to vaccinated mothers. However, they do not prevent nasal infection, allowing asymptomatic transmission of B. pertussis. Studies in animal models have demonstrated that, unlike natural infection, immunization with aP vaccines fails to induce secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) or interleukin-17 (IL-17)-secreting tissue-resident memory CD4 T (T) cells, required for sustained sterilizing immunity in the nasal mucosa. Live-attenuated vaccines or aP vaccines formulated with novel adjuvants that induce respiratory IgA and T cells, especially when delivered by the nasal route, are in development and have considerable promise as next-generation vaccines against pertussis.
Topics: Child; Animals; Humans; Whooping Cough; Pertussis Vaccine; Bordetella pertussis; Immunization; Immunoglobulin A
PubMed: 37307651
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102355 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Aug 2019Despite high vaccine coverage, reported cases of pertussis have increased steadily over the last twenty years. This resurgence has stimulated interest in host responses... (Review)
Review
Despite high vaccine coverage, reported cases of pertussis have increased steadily over the last twenty years. This resurgence has stimulated interest in host responses to pertussis infection and vaccination with the goal of developing more effective next-generation vaccines and vaccination strategies. Optimal protection against Bordetella pertussis appears to be multifactorial requiring both humoral and cellular responses. Natural infection and whole-cell pertussis vaccination induce Th1 and Th17-dominated responses. In contrast, acellular vaccines induce Th2-dominated responses. Available immunological data indicate that while antibodies provide protection against disease, Th1 and Th17-mediated immune responses are required for bacterial clearance and long-lasting protection. The nature of the priming in children appears to be important in modulating bias and durability of immune responses required to provide protection against B. pertussis. This review summarizes the current understanding of differences in immune responses and their role in protection against B. pertussis following infection or vaccination.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bordetella pertussis; Child; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Immunologic Memory; Lymphocyte Activation; Pertussis Vaccine; Th1 Cells; Th17 Cells; Vaccination; Vaccines, Acellular; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 31078081
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.03.006 -
Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde : Organ... 2020Pertussis is caused by the gram-negative bacterium . The disease manifestations range from unspecific coughing to life-threatening courses with hyperleukocytosis and...
Pertussis is caused by the gram-negative bacterium . The disease manifestations range from unspecific coughing to life-threatening courses with hyperleukocytosis and respiratory failure, especially in young infants. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and microbiological detection methods. The treatment consists of macrolide antibiotics and caffeine can be used against apnea. The incidence is 10-40 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year and highest in infants (approximately 50), followed by adolescents (30-35). In the first 5 months of life more than 50% of all children with pertussis are hospitalized. Vaccination prevention consists of basic immunization and regular booster doses with acellular component vaccines. Vaccination of pregnant women is the most promising strategy to prevent severe pertussis in young infants. Infants of vaccinated mothers should still be immunized in a timely manner for their own protection from the age of 2 months onwards.
PubMed: 32836397
DOI: 10.1007/s00112-020-00941-9 -
Der Pneumologe 2020Pertussis is caused by the gram-negative bacterium . The disease manifestations range from unspecific coughing to life-threatening courses with hyperleukocytosis and...
Pertussis is caused by the gram-negative bacterium . The disease manifestations range from unspecific coughing to life-threatening courses with hyperleukocytosis and respiratory failure, especially in young infants. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and microbiological detection methods. The treatment consists of macrolide antibiotics and caffeine can be used against apnea. The incidence is 10-40 cases/100,000 inhabitants per year and highest in infants (approximately 50), followed by adolescents (30-35). In the first 5 months of life more than 50% of all children with pertussis are hospitalized. Vaccination prevention consists of basic immunization and regular booster doses with acellular component vaccines. Vaccination of pregnant women is the most promising strategy to prevent severe pertussis in young infants. Infants of vaccinated mothers should still be immunized in a timely manner for their own protection from the age of 2 months onwards.
PubMed: 33041739
DOI: 10.1007/s10405-020-00345-2 -
Toxins Mar 2022Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a respiratory disease caused by infection with , which releases several virulence factors, including the AB-type pertussis... (Review)
Review
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a respiratory disease caused by infection with , which releases several virulence factors, including the AB-type pertussis toxin (PT). The characteristic symptom is severe, long-lasting paroxysmal coughing. Especially in newborns and infants, pertussis symptoms, such as leukocytosis, can become life-threatening. Despite an available vaccination, increasing case numbers have been reported worldwide, including Western countries such as Germany and the USA. Antibiotic treatment is available and important to prevent further transmission. However, antibiotics only reduce symptoms if administered in early stages, which rarely occurs due to a late diagnosis. Thus, no causative treatments against symptoms of whooping cough are currently available. The AB-type protein toxin PT is a main virulence factor and consists of a binding subunit that facilitates transport of an enzyme subunit into the cytosol of target cells. There, the enzyme subunit ADP-ribosylates inhibitory α-subunits of G-protein coupled receptors resulting in disturbed cAMP signaling. As an important virulence factor associated with severe symptoms, such as leukocytosis, and poor outcomes, PT represents an attractive drug target to develop novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, chaperone inhibitors, human peptides, small molecule inhibitors, and humanized antibodies are discussed as novel strategies to inhibit PT.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukocytosis; Peptides; Pertussis Toxin; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 35324684
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030187 -
Pathogens and Global Health Jun 2023is the causative agent of a respiratory infection called pertussis (whooping cough) that can be fatal in newborns and infants. The pathogen produces a variety of... (Review)
Review
is the causative agent of a respiratory infection called pertussis (whooping cough) that can be fatal in newborns and infants. The pathogen produces a variety of antigenic compounds which alone or simultaneously can damage various host cells. Despite the availability of pertussis vaccines and high vaccination coverage around the world, a resurgence of the disease has been observed in many countries. Reasons for the increase in pertussis cases may include increased awareness, improved diagnostic techniques, low vaccine efficacy, especially acellular vaccines, and waning immunity. Many efforts have been made to develop more effective strategies to fight against . and one of the strategies is the use of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in vaccine formulations. OMVs are attracting great interest as vaccine platforms since they can carry immunogenic structures such as toxins and LPS. Many studies have been carried out with OMVs from different . strains and they revealed promising results in the animal challenge and human preclinical model. However, the composition of OMVs differs in terms of isolation and purification methods, strains, culture, and stress conditions. Although the vesicles from . represent an attractive pertussis vaccine candidate, further studies are needed to advance clinical research for next-generation pertussis vaccines. This review summarizes general information about pertussis, the history of vaccines against the disease, and the immune response to these vaccines, with a focus on OMVs. We discuss progress in developing an OMV-based pertussis vaccine platform and highlight successful applications as well as potential challenges and gaps.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Animals; Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Whooping Cough; Pertussis Vaccine; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vaccines, Acellular
PubMed: 36047634
DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2117937 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022A variety of bacteria have evolved the ability to interact with environmental phagocytic predators such as amoebae, which may have facilitated their subsequent...
A variety of bacteria have evolved the ability to interact with environmental phagocytic predators such as amoebae, which may have facilitated their subsequent interactions with phagocytes in animal hosts. Our recent study found that the animal pathogen can evade predation by the common soil amoeba , survive within, and hijack its complex life cycle as a propagation and dissemination vector. However, it is uncertain whether the mechanisms allowing interactions with predatory amoebae are conserved among species, because divergence, evolution, and adaptation to different hosts and ecological niches was accompanied by acquisition and loss of many genes. Here we tested 9 diverse species in three assays representing distinct aspects of their interactions with . Several human and animal pathogens retained the abilities to survive within single-celled amoeba, to inhibit amoebic plaque expansion, and to translocate with amoebae to the fruiting body and disseminate along with the fruiting body. In contrast, these abilities were partly degraded for the bird pathogen , and for the human-restricted species and . Interestingly, a different lineage of only known to infect sheep retained the ability to interact with , demonstrating that these abilities were lost in multiple lineages independently, correlating with niche specialization and recent rapid genome decay apparently mediated by insertion sequences. has been isolated sporadically from diverse human and environmental sources, has acquired insertion sequences, undergone genome decay and has also lost the ability to interact with amoebae, suggesting some specialization to some unknown niche. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified a set of genes that are potentially associated with the ability to interact with . These results suggest that massive gene loss associated with specialization of some species to a closed life cycle in a particular host was repeatedly and independently accompanied by loss of the ability to interact with amoebae in an environmental niche.
Topics: Amoeba; Animals; Bordetella; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Dictyostelium; Genome-Wide Association Study; Sheep
PubMed: 35223538
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.798317 -
Nature Communications Jul 2022The genus Bordetella includes bacteria that are found in the environment and/or associated with humans and other animals. A few closely related species, including...
The genus Bordetella includes bacteria that are found in the environment and/or associated with humans and other animals. A few closely related species, including Bordetella pertussis, are human pathogens that cause diseases such as whooping cough. Here, we present a large database of Bordetella isolates and genomes and develop genotyping systems for the genus and for the B. pertussis clade. To generate the database, we merge previously existing databases from Oxford University and Institut Pasteur, import genomes from public repositories, and add 83 newly sequenced B. bronchiseptica genomes. The public database currently includes 2582 Bordetella isolates and their provenance data, and 2085 genomes ( https://bigsdb.pasteur.fr/bordetella/ ). We use core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) to develop genotyping systems for the whole genus and for B. pertussis, as well as specific schemes to define antigenic, virulence and macrolide resistance profiles. Phylogenetic analyses allow us to redefine evolutionary relationships among known Bordetella species, and to propose potential new species. Our database provides an expandable resource for genotyping of environmental and clinical Bordetella isolates, thus facilitating evolutionary and epidemiological research on whooping cough and other Bordetella infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biodiversity; Bordetella pertussis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans; Macrolides; Phylogeny; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 35778384
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31517-8