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Scientific Reports Dec 2023Bordetella bronchiseptica poses a significant challenge in the context of respiratory infections, particularly in weanling pigs. In this study, we investigated the...
Bordetella bronchiseptica poses a significant challenge in the context of respiratory infections, particularly in weanling pigs. In this study, we investigated the impact of a novel targeted bacteriophage in controlling B. bronchiseptica challenge (BBC) in an experimental design involving five distinct treatment groups: NC (no challenge), PC (BBC challenge), BF (10 pfu bacteriophage/kg diet + BBC), BN (2 × 10 pfu/day bacteriophage by nasal spray + BBC), and AT (antibiotic + BBC). The experiment was conducted for 2 weeks. The highest turbinate score was observed in the PC. The BF treatment showed higher plasma IL (interleukine)-1β and IL-6 compared with the BN and AT treatments. Plasma concentrations of IL-1β were increased in the BF pigs compared with the BN, AT, and NC. Among the BBC groups, the PC treatment exhibited a higher abundance of Staphylococcus. aureus and B. bronchiseptica in the lung. A lower S. aureus, Streptococcus. suis, and B. bronchiseptica colonization was detected in the AT compared with the BF and BN treatments. The BF showed lower plasma zonulin compared with the BN and AT. A higher plasma concentration of superoxide dismutase was observed in the BF and AT compared with PC and BN. The BN influenced the glycine, serine-threonine metabolism; glycerolipid metabolism; glyoxylate-dicarboxylate metabolism; and arachidonic acid metabolism compared with the NC. In conclusion, nasal-sprayed bacteriophage effectively controlled B. bronchiseptica infection, however, their efficiency was lower than the antibiotic.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Swine Diseases; Bacteriophages; Staphylococcus aureus; Bordetella Infections; Microbiota; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38066337
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49248-1 -
Veterinary Microbiology Sep 2023Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus suis are widely distributed swine pathogens. B. bronchiseptica is a primary pathogen and causes atrophic rhinitis and...
Bordetella bronchiseptica and Streptococcus suis are widely distributed swine pathogens. B. bronchiseptica is a primary pathogen and causes atrophic rhinitis and bronchopneumonia. S. suis is a contributing agent to porcine respiratory disease complex and causes systemic diseases including arthritis, meningitis, polyserositis, and septicemia. Colonization with B. bronchiseptica has been associated with increased colonization by other pathogenic bacteria and increased disease severity with viral and bacterial pathogens. It has also been reported to predispose cesarean derived, colostrum deprived (CDCD) piglets to S. suis systemic disease. Here, we evaluated the role of B. bronchiseptica colonization on S. suis colonization, dissemination, and disease in one study using conventional pigs and another using CDCD pigs. Pigs were challenged with S. suis, B. bronchiseptica, or B. bronchiseptica followed by S. suis. Incidence of S. suis disease was not increased in either study for animals pre-inoculated with B. bronchiseptica. Nasal colonization with S. suis was increased in coinfected animals, while B. bronchiseptica was similar between mono- and co-infected animals. Although increased S. suis disease was not seen in coinfected pigs, there is evidence that B. bronchiseptica can increase colonization with S. suis, which may contribute to enhanced disease when animals are stressed or immunocompromised.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Animals; Swine; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Streptococcus suis; Swine Diseases; Bordetella Infections; Nose; Bacteria
PubMed: 37542929
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109841 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2023The classical species infect the respiratory tract of mammals. While B. bronchiseptica causes rather chronic respiratory infections in a variety of mammals, the...
The classical species infect the respiratory tract of mammals. While B. bronchiseptica causes rather chronic respiratory infections in a variety of mammals, the human-adapted species B. pertussis and cause an acute respiratory disease known as whooping cough or pertussis. The virulence factors include a type III secretion system (T3SS) that translocates effectors BteA and BopN into host cells. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the secretion and translocation activity of T3SS in bordetellae are largely unknown. We have solved the crystal structure of BopN of B. pertussis and show that it is similar to the structures of gatekeepers that control access to the T3SS channel from the bacterial cytoplasm. We further found that BopN accumulates at the cell periphery at physiological concentrations of calcium ions (2 mM) that inhibit the secretion of BteA and BopN. Deletion of the gene in B. bronchiseptica increased secretion of the BteA effector into calcium-rich medium but had no effect on secretion of the T3SS translocon components BopD and BopB. Moreover, the Δ mutant secreted approximately 10-fold higher amounts of BteA into the medium of infected cells than the wild-type bacteria, but it translocated lower amounts of BteA into the host cell cytoplasm. These data demonstrate that BopN is a T3SS gatekeeper required for regulated and targeted translocation of the BteA effector through the T3SS injectisome into host cells. The T3SS is utilized by many Gram-negative bacteria to deliver effector proteins from bacterial cytosol directly into infected host cell cytoplasm in a regulated and targeted manner. Pathogenic bordetellae use the T3SS to inject the BteA and BopN proteins into infected cells and upregulate the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) to evade host immunity. Previous studies proposed that BopN acted as an effector in host cells. In this study, we report that BopN is a T3SS gatekeeper that regulates the secretion and translocation activity of T3SS.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Type III Secretion Systems; Whooping Cough; Calcium; Bordetella pertussis; Virulence Factors; Bacterial Proteins; Mammals
PubMed: 37036369
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04112-22 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023is a widespread, highly infectious bacterial pathogen that causes respiratory disease in swine and increases the severity of respiratory infections caused by other...
is a widespread, highly infectious bacterial pathogen that causes respiratory disease in swine and increases the severity of respiratory infections caused by other viral or bacterial pathogens. However, the impact of infection on the swine respiratory microbiota has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we aim to assess the influence of infection on the community structure and abundance of members of the swine nasal microbiota. To do so, the nasal microbiota of a non-infected control group and a group infected with (BB group) were characterized prior to strain KM22 challenge (day 0) and on selected days in the weeks following challenge (days 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 36, and 42). was cultured from nasal samples of the BB group to assess nasal colonization. The results showed that colonization did not persistently affect the nasal bacterial diversity of either of the treatment groups (alpha diversity). However, the bacterial community structures (beta diversity) of the two treatment groups significantly diverged on day 7 when peak colonization levels of were detected. This divergence continued through the last sampling time point. In addition, (unclassified), , and (unclassified) showed increased abundances in the BB group relative to the control group at various time points. This study revealed that colonization can disturb the upper respiratory tract microbiota, and further research is warranted to assess how these disturbances can impact susceptibility to secondary infections by other respiratory pathogens.
PubMed: 37840723
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1260465 -
Open Forum Infectious Diseases Aug 2023We describe a unique case of a 43-year-old-female with a Bordetella bronchiseptica infection caused by zoonotic transmission following vaccination of her dog. With this...
We describe a unique case of a 43-year-old-female with a Bordetella bronchiseptica infection caused by zoonotic transmission following vaccination of her dog. With this report, we want to raise awareness of potential zoonotic transmission of live attenuated vaccines from animals to patients with impaired immunity.
PubMed: 37654786
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad421 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023The efficacy of the adaptive immune system in the middle ear (ME) is well established, but the mechanisms are not as well defined as those of gastrointestinal or...
The efficacy of the adaptive immune system in the middle ear (ME) is well established, but the mechanisms are not as well defined as those of gastrointestinal or respiratory tracts. While cellular elements of the adaptive response have been detected in the MEs following infections (or intranasal immunizations), their specific contributions to protecting the organ against reinfections are unknown. How immune protection mechanisms of the MEs compares with those in the adjacent and attached upper and lower respiratory airways remains unclear. To address these knowledge gaps, we used an established mouse respiratory infection model that we recently showed also involves ME infections. delivered to the external nares of mice in tiny numbers very efficiently infects the respiratory tract and ascends the Eustachian tube to colonize and infect the MEs, where it causes severe but acute inflammation resembling human acute otitis media (AOM). Since this AOM naturally resolves, we here examine the immunological mechanisms that clear infection and protect against subsequent infection, to guide efforts to induce protective immunity in the ME. Our results show that once the MEs are cleared of a primary infection, the convalescent organ is strongly protected from reinfection by the pathogen despite its persistence in the upper respiratory tract, suggesting important immunological differences in these adjacent and connected organs. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells trafficked to the MEs following infection and were necessary to robustly protect against secondary challenge. Intranasal vaccination with heat killed conferred robust protection against infection to the MEs, even though the nasopharynx itself was only partially protected. These data establish the MEs as discrete effector sites of adaptive immunity and shows that effective protection in the MEs and the respiratory tract is significantly different. This model system allows the dissection of immunological mechanisms that can prevent bacteria in the nasopharynx from ascending the ET to colonize the ME.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Bordetella Infections; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Otitis Media; Ear, Middle
PubMed: 38125908
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1288057 -
IDCases 2023Here, we present the case of a 55-year-old male with HIV and persistent lymphopenia who developed a paroxysmal severe cough for over three weeks. Microbiology studies...
Here, we present the case of a 55-year-old male with HIV and persistent lymphopenia who developed a paroxysmal severe cough for over three weeks. Microbiology studies were positive for abundant colonies of . He reports that his dog was also ill with a severe cough, suggesting a possible canine-to-human transmission. This zoonosis has been increasingly recognized and possesses significant morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised hosts.
PubMed: 37965382
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01922 -
Bordetella spp. block eosinophil recruitment to suppress the generation of early mucosal protection.Cell Reports Nov 2023Bordetella spp. are respiratory pathogens equipped with immune evasion mechanisms. We previously characterized a Bordetella bronchiseptica mutant (RB50ΔbtrS) that fails...
Bordetella spp. are respiratory pathogens equipped with immune evasion mechanisms. We previously characterized a Bordetella bronchiseptica mutant (RB50ΔbtrS) that fails to suppress host responses, leading to rapid clearance and long-lasting immunity against reinfection. This work revealed eosinophils as an exclusive requirement for RB50ΔbtrS clearance. We also show that RB50ΔbtrS promotes eosinophil-mediated B/T cell recruitment and inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) formation, with eosinophils being present throughout iBALT for Th17 and immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses. Finally, we provide evidence that XCL1 is critical for iBALT formation but not maintenance, proposing a novel role for eosinophils as facilitators of adaptive immunity against B. bronchiseptica. RB50ΔbtrS being incapable of suppressing eosinophil effector functions illuminates active, bacterial targeting of eosinophils to achieve successful persistence and reinfection. Overall, our discoveries contribute to understanding cellular mechanisms for use in future vaccines and therapies against Bordetella spp. and extension to other mucosal pathogens.
Topics: Humans; Bordetella; Eosinophils; Bordetella Infections; Reinfection; Bordetella bronchiseptica
PubMed: 37883230
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113294 -
International Immunopharmacology Sep 2023The outer membrane vesicle (OMV) of bacteria is a bilayer membrane vesicle with a diameter of about 10-300 nm that is secreted during the growth of Gram-negative...
The outer membrane vesicle (OMV) of bacteria is a bilayer membrane vesicle with a diameter of about 10-300 nm that is secreted during the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. OMV is considered as a high-quality vaccine candidate antigen because of its natural immunogenicity and non-replicability. Although the excellent antigenicity of OMV has been widely confirmed, its instability and heterogeneity greatly affect its immune effect. Many studies have demonstrated that in combination with nanoparticles can enhance the stability of OMV. In this study, OMVs were used to coat chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) and obtain a stable OMV vaccine. The characteristics, including morphology, hydrodynamic size, and zeta potential were evaluated. The immune protection of CNP-OMV and anti-infection efficacy were examined and compared in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that the CNP-OMV were homogenous with a size of 139 nm and a stable core-shell structure. And CNP-OMV could significantly increase the cell proliferation, phagocytosis and TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 secretion of RAW264.7 in vitro. In vivo, CNP-OMV could significantly increase the levels of anti-Bb and OMV IgG antibodies. Levels of blood lymphocyte, and Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-12), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5), and Th17 (IL-17, TNF-α) type cytokines in the serum were all significantly increased. At the same time, CNP-OMV could significantly reduce the bacterial invading the lungs of challenged rabbits. And CNP-OMV could largely protect the lungs from injury. The above results showed that CNP-OMV had a good immune efficacy and could resist the infection of Bordetella bronchiseptica. This study provided a scientific basis for the development of novel effective and safe vaccine against Bordetella bronchiseptica, and also provided a new idea for the development of new bacterial vaccine.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Chitosan; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Bacterial Vaccines; Nanoparticles
PubMed: 37451023
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110612 -
Germs Jun 2023is a rare cause of hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia. Important to the clinician is a clear understanding that the treatment of this rare organism differs greatly from the...
INTRODUCTION
is a rare cause of hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia. Important to the clinician is a clear understanding that the treatment of this rare organism differs greatly from the successful antibiotic treatment of the more common species, and .
CASE REPORT
A 64-year-old female presented to the emergency department after experiencing one week of worsening hemoptysis. Upon admission, she was afebrile and all initial laboratory test results were normal. Bronchoalveolar hemorrhage suggested by radiographic imaging was confirmed by bronchoscopy. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cultures contained unspeciated . Rapid worsening of the hemoptysis led to intubation and the decision to perform bronchial artery embolization. However, the intensity of the hemoptysis persisted. Septic shock ensued despite treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics including azithromycin, vancomycin, and cefepime. The microbiological speciation results finalized shortly after the patient's death. The identified organism was .
CONCLUSIONS
Although macrolide antibiotics are first line treatment for and , macrolide antibiotics are generally not effective against . Clinical suspicion of infection should prompt consideration of alternative antibiotics known to be effective against this rare species, including carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. The use of these latter antibiotics may advisably be considered as an empirical treatment during the delay of microbiological speciation.
PubMed: 38144244
DOI: 10.18683/germs.2023.1381