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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Sep 2023and belong to the genus , which comprises 14 other species. is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in... (Review)
Review
and belong to the genus , which comprises 14 other species. is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in adults. These infections are restricted to humans and currently increasing worldwide. is involved in diverse respiratory infections in a wide range of mammals. For instance, the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), characterized by a chronic cough in dogs. At the same time, it is increasingly implicated in human infections, while remaining an important pathogen in the veterinary field. Both can evade and modulate host immune responses to support their persistence, although it is more pronounced in infection. The protective immune responses elicited by both pathogens are comparable, while there are important characteristics in the mechanisms that differ. However, pathogenesis is more difficult to decipher in animal models than those of because of its restriction to humans. Nevertheless, the licensed vaccines for each are different in terms of formulation, route of administration and immune responses induced, with no known cross-reaction between them. Moreover, the target of the mucosal tissues and the induction of long-lasting cellular and humoral responses are required to control and eliminate . In addition, the interaction between both veterinary and human fields are essential for the control of this genus, by preventing the infections in animals and the subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.
Topics: Child; Animals; Dogs; Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Whooping Cough; Bordetella Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vaccines; Mammals
PubMed: 37306571
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00164-22 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jul 2018is involved in respiratory tract infections mainly in dogs and pigs but may also cause infections in humans. Valid and representative data on antimicrobial... (Review)
Review
is involved in respiratory tract infections mainly in dogs and pigs but may also cause infections in humans. Valid and representative data on antimicrobial susceptibility of is rare. Approved antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods have been published, but very few clinical breakpoints are available. The MIC values are low for most agents but high for β-lactam antibiotics and macrolides. Information on the genetic basis of resistance is scarce. For a small number of isolates that are resistant or show elevated MICs, the molecular basis of resistance was identified. Three tetracycline resistance genes, (A), (C), and (31), coding for major facilitator superfamily efflux pumps, were identified. Two other major facilitator superfamily exporter genes confer resistance to chloramphenicol () or to chloramphenicol and florfenicol (). Two class B chloramphenicol acetyltransferase genes ( and ), which confer resistance to nonfluorinated phenicols by enzymatic inactivation, have been identified in . Like the trimethoprim resistance genes and , which code for trimethoprim-insensitive dihydrofolate reductases, the genes and were located on gene cassettes and found in class 1 integrons also harboring the sulfonamide resistance gene . In addition, the gene has also been detected. Both and code for sulfonamide-insensitive dihydropteroate synthases. A gene cassette harboring the β-lactamase gene was also identified, whereas β-lactam resistance in seems to be more likely due to reduced influx in combination with the species-specific β-lactamase encoded by . The resistance genes were mostly located on conjugative plasmids.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Species Specificity; Zoonoses
PubMed: 30027886
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0024-2017 -
Virulence Dec 2021The highly contagious whooping cough agent has evolved as a human-restricted pathogen from a progenitor which also gave rise to and . While the latter colonizes a... (Review)
Review
The highly contagious whooping cough agent has evolved as a human-restricted pathogen from a progenitor which also gave rise to and . While the latter colonizes a broad range of mammals and is able to survive in the environment, has lost its ability to survive outside its host through massive genome decay. Instead, it has become a highly successful human pathogen by the acquisition of tightly regulated virulence factors and evolutionary adaptation of its metabolism to its particular niche. By the deployment of an arsenal of highly sophisticated virulence factors it overcomes many of the innate immune defenses. It also interferes with vaccine-induced adaptive immunity by various mechanisms. Here, we review data from , human and animal models to illustrate the mechanisms of adaptation to the human respiratory tract and provide evidence of ongoing evolutionary adaptation as a highly successful human pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella parapertussis; Bordetella pertussis; Humans; Mammals; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34590541
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1980987 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Jul 2021is a promiscuous bacterium that infects a variety of species but has not been reported in free-ranging polar bears . Sera from 385 polar bears from the western Hudson...
is a promiscuous bacterium that infects a variety of species but has not been reported in free-ranging polar bears . Sera from 385 polar bears from the western Hudson Bay region, 1986 to 2017, were tested for reactivity to with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using anti-canine IgG and protein G as secondary reagents. Sera from bears had variable reactivity to antigens, and there was no difference among bears that had a history of coming near the town of Churchill, Manitoba, and bears that did not. Although the sources of exposure were not determined, equivalent results in both groups suggest that potential exposure to humans (aside from handling during sampling) and their animals (dogs) was not an important co-factor in sero-positivity to .
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Canada; Dogs; Manitoba; Ursidae
PubMed: 34219781
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ Case Reports Apr 2018We report the case of a 35-year-old quadriplegic male with confirmed pneumonia, manifesting with acute hypoxic respiratory failure on a background of chronic... (Review)
Review
We report the case of a 35-year-old quadriplegic male with confirmed pneumonia, manifesting with acute hypoxic respiratory failure on a background of chronic hypercarbia requiring mechanical ventilation in intensive care. are known to colonise the upper respiratory tracts of many mammals but are very rarely responsible for acute respiratory tract infections in humans.A review of the literature suggests preponderance for immunocompromised or immunoincompetent patients who have experienced environmental exposure to colonised animals. The disease pattern of infection is non-uniform and while it is rarely described as a commensal or colonising organism, very few case reports describe severe respiratory infections.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Dogs; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Male; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Quadriplegia; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Insufficiency
PubMed: 29703836
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224588 -
Scientific Reports May 2023Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative bacterium that causes respiratory diseases in different animals, including mice, making B. bronchiseptica the gold-standard...
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative bacterium that causes respiratory diseases in different animals, including mice, making B. bronchiseptica the gold-standard model to investigate host-pathogen interaction at the molecular level. B. bronchiseptica utilizes many different mechanisms to precisely regulate the expression of virulence factors. Cyclic di-GMP is a second messenger synthesized by diguanylate cyclases and degraded by phosphodiesterases that regulates the expression of multiple virulence factors including biofilm formation. As in other bacteria, we have previously shown that c-di-GMP regulates motility and biofilm formation in B. bronchiseptica. This work describes the diguanylate cyclase BdcB (Bordetella diguanylate cyclase B) as an active diguanylate cyclase that promotes biofilm formation and inhibits motility in B. bronchiseptica. The absence of BdcB increased macrophage cytotoxicity in vitro and induced a greater production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 by macrophages. Our study reveals that BdcB regulates the expression of components of T3SS, an important virulence factor of B. bronchiseptica. The Bb∆bdcB mutant presented increased expression of T3SS-mediated toxins such as bteA, responsible for cytotoxicity. Our in vivo results revealed that albeit the absence of bdcB did not affect the ability of B. bronchiseptica to infect and colonize the respiratory tract of mice, mice infected with Bb∆bdcB presented a significantly higher pro-inflammatory response than those infected with wild type B. bronchiseptica.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Type III Secretion Systems; Bacterial Proteins; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Virulence Factors; Cyclic GMP; Immunity; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
PubMed: 37130958
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34106-x -
Comparative Medicine Feb 2003Bordetella bronchiseptica has long been associated with respiratory tract infections in laboratory research, food-producing, companion, and wildlife animal species. Its... (Review)
Review
Bordetella bronchiseptica has long been associated with respiratory tract infections in laboratory research, food-producing, companion, and wildlife animal species. Its range of distribution also may include humans and contaminated inanimate environmental sources. Natural diseases due to B. bronchiseptica infections in laboratory rats and mice were described before many of the major pathogens of these hosts were discovered. To our knowledge, there are no recent reports of natural disease due to B. bronchiseptica in these species; as a result, some have questioned its role as a natural pathogen in murine hosts. We reviewed occurrence of natural B. bronchiseptica infections and present information gained from recent experimental infection studies in murine hosts. We also discuss the potential impact of natural B. bronchiseptica infections on research and methods of control.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Mice; Rats; Virulence
PubMed: 12625502
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Small Animal Practice Jun 1999Feline Bordetella bronchiseptica infection had received little consideration until recent years when it has been increasingly documented in association with respiratory... (Review)
Review
Feline Bordetella bronchiseptica infection had received little consideration until recent years when it has been increasingly documented in association with respiratory disease. This article reviews current knowledge on the organism; its epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic features.
Topics: Animals; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Cat Diseases; Cats
PubMed: 10404484
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03074.x -
The Veterinary Record Feb 2021
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica
PubMed: 34651886
DOI: 10.1002/vetr.171 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Jul 2009Bordetella bronchiseptica is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonises the respiratory tract of mammals and is considered to be a primary pathogen of domestic cats. It is... (Review)
Review
OVERVIEW
Bordetella bronchiseptica is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonises the respiratory tract of mammals and is considered to be a primary pathogen of domestic cats. It is sensible to consider B bronchiseptica as a rare cause of zoonotic infections. The bacterium is susceptible to common disinfectants.
INFECTION
The bacterium is shed in oral and nasal secretions of infected cats. Dogs with respiratory disease are an infection risk for cats. The microorganism colonises the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract of the host, establishing chronic infections.
DISEASE SIGNS
A wide range of respiratory signs has been associated with B bronchiseptica infection, from a mild illness with fever, coughing, sneezing, ocular discharge and lymphadenopathy to severe pneumonia with dyspnoea, cyanosis and death.
DIAGNOSIS
Bacterial culture and PCR lack sensitivity. Samples for isolation can be obtained from the oropharynx (swabs) or via transtracheal wash/ bronchoalveolar lavage.
DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Antibacterial therapy is indicated, even if the signs are mild. Where sensitivity data are unavailable, tetracyclines are recommended. Doxycycline is the antimicrobial of choice. Cats with severe B bronchiseptica infection require supportive therapy and intensive nursing care.
VACCINATION RECOMMENDATIONS
In some European countries an intranasal modified-live virus vaccine is available. The modified-live product is licensed for use as a single vaccination with annual boosters. Cats should not be routinely vaccinated against B bronchiseptica (non-core), since the infection generally causes only a mild disease.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Vaccines; Bordetella Infections; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Cat Diseases; Cats; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Respiratory Tract Infections; Societies; United States; Vaccination; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 19481041
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.05.010