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Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2023Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines induce potent... (Review)
Review
Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines induce potent circulating IgG and prevent severe disease in children/adults and in infants born to vaccinated mothers. However, they do not prevent nasal infection, allowing asymptomatic transmission of B. pertussis. Studies in animal models have demonstrated that, unlike natural infection, immunization with aP vaccines fails to induce secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) or interleukin-17 (IL-17)-secreting tissue-resident memory CD4 T (T) cells, required for sustained sterilizing immunity in the nasal mucosa. Live-attenuated vaccines or aP vaccines formulated with novel adjuvants that induce respiratory IgA and T cells, especially when delivered by the nasal route, are in development and have considerable promise as next-generation vaccines against pertussis.
Topics: Child; Animals; Humans; Whooping Cough; Pertussis Vaccine; Bordetella pertussis; Immunization; Immunoglobulin A
PubMed: 37307651
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102355 -
Pathogens and Global Health Jun 2023is the causative agent of a respiratory infection called pertussis (whooping cough) that can be fatal in newborns and infants. The pathogen produces a variety of... (Review)
Review
is the causative agent of a respiratory infection called pertussis (whooping cough) that can be fatal in newborns and infants. The pathogen produces a variety of antigenic compounds which alone or simultaneously can damage various host cells. Despite the availability of pertussis vaccines and high vaccination coverage around the world, a resurgence of the disease has been observed in many countries. Reasons for the increase in pertussis cases may include increased awareness, improved diagnostic techniques, low vaccine efficacy, especially acellular vaccines, and waning immunity. Many efforts have been made to develop more effective strategies to fight against . and one of the strategies is the use of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) in vaccine formulations. OMVs are attracting great interest as vaccine platforms since they can carry immunogenic structures such as toxins and LPS. Many studies have been carried out with OMVs from different . strains and they revealed promising results in the animal challenge and human preclinical model. However, the composition of OMVs differs in terms of isolation and purification methods, strains, culture, and stress conditions. Although the vesicles from . represent an attractive pertussis vaccine candidate, further studies are needed to advance clinical research for next-generation pertussis vaccines. This review summarizes general information about pertussis, the history of vaccines against the disease, and the immune response to these vaccines, with a focus on OMVs. We discuss progress in developing an OMV-based pertussis vaccine platform and highlight successful applications as well as potential challenges and gaps.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Animals; Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Whooping Cough; Pertussis Vaccine; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vaccines, Acellular
PubMed: 36047634
DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2117937 -
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Sep 2023Although postinfectious etiology is the most common cause of subacute cough, there are insufficient data on the epidemiology of associated bacterial infections. We aimed...
Although postinfectious etiology is the most common cause of subacute cough, there are insufficient data on the epidemiology of associated bacterial infections. We aimed to identify the etiology of bacterial detection in subjects with subacute cough. A multicenter prospective observational study of 142 patients with postinfectious subacute cough was performed between August 2016 and December 2017 in Korea. We obtained 2 nasal swabs from each patient and used a multiplex bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit that simultaneously detects , , , , , and . About 29% (n = 41) of patients with subacute cough were positive for bacterial PCR in nasal swabs. The most common bacteria detected by bacterial PCR was (n = 19, 13.4%), followed by (n = 18, 12.7%), (n = 7, 4.9%), (n = 3, 2.1%), (n = 2, 1.4%), and (n = 1, 0.7%). Nine patients had dual positivity for the PCR. In conclusion, bacterial PCR was positive in the nasal swabs of about 29% of subjects with subacute cough, including 5% of positive PCR results for
PubMed: 37153983
DOI: 10.4168/aair.2023.15.5.673 -
Annals of Medicine Dec 2024Pertussis (Whooping Cough) is a respiratory infection caused by . Pertussis usually occurs in childhood; severe infections are most common in infants. It can be fatal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pertussis (Whooping Cough) is a respiratory infection caused by . Pertussis usually occurs in childhood; severe infections are most common in infants. It can be fatal with severe complications such as pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and encephalitis.
OBJECTIVES
We sought to synthesize the existing literature on severe pertussis in infants and inform further study.
METHODS
A scoping review was performed based on the methodological framework developed by Arksey & O'Malley. Search in Pubmed and Embase databases, with no restrictions on the language and date of publication.
RESULTS
Of the 1299 articles retrieved, 64 were finally included. The selected articles were published between 1979 and 2022, with 90.6% (58/64) of the studies in the last two decades. The studies covered epidemiology, pathology, clinical characteristics, risk factors, treatments, and burden of disease.
CONCLUSION
The literature reviewed suggests that studies on severe pertussis in infants covered a variety of clinical concerns. However, these studies were observational, and experimental studies are needed to provide high-quality evidence.
Topics: Humans; Whooping Cough; Infant; Bordetella pertussis; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Pertussis Vaccine
PubMed: 38728617
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2352606 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023causes pertussis (or whooping cough), a severe respiratory infectious disease in infants, although it can be prevented by whole cell and acellular vaccines. The recent...
causes pertussis (or whooping cough), a severe respiratory infectious disease in infants, although it can be prevented by whole cell and acellular vaccines. The recent pertussis resurgence in industrialised countries is partly attributed to pathogen adaptation to vaccines, while emergence of antimicrobial resistance, specifically to macrolides in China, has become a concern. Surveillance of current circulating and emerging strains is therefore vital to understand the risks they pose to public health. Although the use of genomics-based typing is increasing a genomic nomenclature for this pathogen has not been well established. Here, we implemented the multilevel genome typing (MGT) system for with five levels of resolution, which provide targeted typing of relevant lineages and discrimination of closely related strains at the finest scale. The lower resolution levels (MGT2 and MGT3) describe the distribution of major vaccine antigen alleles including , and as well as temporal and spatial trends within the global population. Mid-resolution levels (MGT3 and MGT4) enable typing of antibiotic-resistant lineages and Prn deficient lineages within the clade. The high-resolution level (MGT5) can capture finer-scale epidemiology such as outbreaks and local transmission events, with comparable resolution to existing genomic methods of strain-relatedness assessment. The scheme offers stable MGT-type assignments aiding harmonisation of typing and communication between laboratories. The scheme is available at https://mgtdb.unsw.edu.au/pertussis, is regularly updated from global data repositories and accepts public submissions. The MGT scheme provides a comprehensive, robust, and scalable system for global surveillance of .
Topics: Infant; Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Whooping Cough; Pertussis Vaccine; Genomics; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 37483082
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2239945 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Aug 2023Carbapenemase-producing (CP) Escherichia coli (CP-Ec) are a global public health threat. We aimed to describe the clinical and molecular epidemiology and outcomes of...
BACKGROUND
Carbapenemase-producing (CP) Escherichia coli (CP-Ec) are a global public health threat. We aimed to describe the clinical and molecular epidemiology and outcomes of patients from several countries with CP-Ec isolates obtained from a prospective cohort.
METHODS
Patients with CP-Ec were enrolled from 26 hospitals in 6 countries. Clinical data were collected, and isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing. Clinical and molecular features and outcomes associated with isolates with or without metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) were compared. The primary outcome was desirability of outcome ranking (DOOR) at 30 days after the index culture.
RESULTS
Of the 114 CP-Ec isolates in Consortium on resistance against carbapenems in Klebsiella and other Enterobacterales-2 (CRACKLE-2), 49 harbored an MBL, most commonly blaNDM-5 (38/49, 78%). Strong regional variations were noted with MBL-Ec predominantly found among patients in China (23/49). Clinically, MBL-Ec were more often from urine sources (49% vs 29%), less often met criteria for infection (39% vs 58%, P = .04), and had lower acuity of illness when compared with non-MBL-Ec. Among patients with infection, the probability of a better DOOR outcome for a randomly selected patient with MBL-Ec as compared with non-MBL-Ec was 62% (95% CI: 48.2-74.3%). Among infected patients, non-MBL-Ec had increased 30-day (26% vs 0%; P = .02) and 90-day (39% vs 0%; P = .001) mortality compared with MBL-Ec.
CONCLUSIONS
Emergence of CP-Ec was observed with important geographic variations. Bacterial characteristics, clinical presentations, and outcomes differed between MBL-Ec and non-MBL-Ec. Mortality was higher among non-MBL isolates, which were more frequently isolated from blood, but these findings may be confounded by regional variations.
Topics: Humans; Prospective Studies; beta-Lactamases; Escherichia coli; Bacterial Proteins; Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37154071
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad288 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023With the widespread use of macrolide antibiotics in China, common pathogens causing children's infections, such as , (including , ), , , and , have shown varying... (Review)
Review
With the widespread use of macrolide antibiotics in China, common pathogens causing children's infections, such as , (including , ), , , and , have shown varying degrees of drug resistance. In order to provide such problem and related evidence for rational use of antibiotics in clinic, we reviewed the drug resistance of common bacteria to macrolides in children recent 20 years.
Topics: Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Macrolides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Child; China
PubMed: 37637457
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1181633 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2023The classical species infect the respiratory tract of mammals. While B. bronchiseptica causes rather chronic respiratory infections in a variety of mammals, the...
The classical species infect the respiratory tract of mammals. While B. bronchiseptica causes rather chronic respiratory infections in a variety of mammals, the human-adapted species B. pertussis and cause an acute respiratory disease known as whooping cough or pertussis. The virulence factors include a type III secretion system (T3SS) that translocates effectors BteA and BopN into host cells. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the secretion and translocation activity of T3SS in bordetellae are largely unknown. We have solved the crystal structure of BopN of B. pertussis and show that it is similar to the structures of gatekeepers that control access to the T3SS channel from the bacterial cytoplasm. We further found that BopN accumulates at the cell periphery at physiological concentrations of calcium ions (2 mM) that inhibit the secretion of BteA and BopN. Deletion of the gene in B. bronchiseptica increased secretion of the BteA effector into calcium-rich medium but had no effect on secretion of the T3SS translocon components BopD and BopB. Moreover, the Δ mutant secreted approximately 10-fold higher amounts of BteA into the medium of infected cells than the wild-type bacteria, but it translocated lower amounts of BteA into the host cell cytoplasm. These data demonstrate that BopN is a T3SS gatekeeper required for regulated and targeted translocation of the BteA effector through the T3SS injectisome into host cells. The T3SS is utilized by many Gram-negative bacteria to deliver effector proteins from bacterial cytosol directly into infected host cell cytoplasm in a regulated and targeted manner. Pathogenic bordetellae use the T3SS to inject the BteA and BopN proteins into infected cells and upregulate the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) to evade host immunity. Previous studies proposed that BopN acted as an effector in host cells. In this study, we report that BopN is a T3SS gatekeeper that regulates the secretion and translocation activity of T3SS.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Type III Secretion Systems; Whooping Cough; Calcium; Bordetella pertussis; Virulence Factors; Bacterial Proteins; Mammals
PubMed: 37036369
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04112-22