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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023is an emerging tick-borne pathogen in the Northern Hemisphere and is the causative agent of disease (BMD). is vectored by the same hard-bodied ticks as Lyme disease ,... (Review)
Review
is an emerging tick-borne pathogen in the Northern Hemisphere and is the causative agent of disease (BMD). is vectored by the same hard-bodied ticks as Lyme disease , yet phylogenetically groups with relapsing fever and thus, has been uniquely labeled a hard tick-borne relapsing fever . Burgeoning research has uncovered new aspects of in human patients, nature, and the lab. Of particular interest are novel findings on disease pathology, prevalence, diagnostic methods, ecological maintenance, transmission, and genetic characteristics. Herein, we review recent literature on , discuss how findings adapt to current doctrines, and briefly consider what remains unknown about .
PubMed: 36839539
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020267 -
Microorganisms Jan 2021is classified as a relapsing fever spirochete. Although is genetically and ecologically distinct from sensu lato, both microorganisms are transmitted by the same... (Review)
Review
is classified as a relapsing fever spirochete. Although is genetically and ecologically distinct from sensu lato, both microorganisms are transmitted by the same tick species. was detected in ticks in 1994 in Japan. A phylogenetic analysis based on selected sequences of genome revealed genetic differences between isolates from Asia, North America, and Europe, which are clearly separated into three genotypes. Symptomatic human cases of disease (BMD) were first reported in 2011 in Russia and then in North America, Europe, and Asia. The most common clinical manifestation of BMD is fever with flu-like symptoms. Several differences in rare symptoms (thrombocytopenia, monocytosis, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, or symptoms related to the central nervous system) have been noted among cases caused by Asian, European, and American types of . BMD should be considered in the diagnosis of patients after tick bites, particularly with meningoencephalitis, without anti- antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid. This review describes the biology, ecology, and potential of as a tick-borne pathogen of public health concern, with particular emphasis on Europe.
PubMed: 33445492
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010154 -
Epidemiologie, Mikrobiologie,... 2021Borrelia miyamotoi is an emerging tick-borne pathogen phylogenetically belonging to spirochaetes causing relapsing fever. It is primarily transmitted by ticks from the... (Review)
Review
Borrelia miyamotoi is an emerging tick-borne pathogen phylogenetically belonging to spirochaetes causing relapsing fever. It is primarily transmitted by ticks from the Ixodes ricinus complex, similarly to borreliae causing Lyme borreliosis. Small rodents can serve as reservoir hosts. It is widespread in mild climate areas of the northern hemisphere, with constant low prevalence in ticks, in the range of units of percent. To date more than 200 human cases have been described including five cases of meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Clinical features of illness are non-specific, characterized by fever, fatigue, chills, headaches, muscles and joint pains. It can be treated with antibiotics. The diagnostic approach includes mainly PCR and serological methods. This review summarizes current knowledge on B. miyamotoi with an emphasis on taxonomy, ecology of vectors and reservoir hosts, geographical distribution, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The review also highlights the need for an accurate determination of the etiology of the disease and its differentiation from Lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis.
Topics: Animals; Borrelia; Humans; Ixodes; Lyme Disease; Relapsing Fever
PubMed: 34412488
DOI: No ID Found -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023is an emerging pathogen that causes a febrile illness and is transmitted by the same hard-bodied (ixodid) ticks that transmit several other pathogens, including... (Review)
Review
is an emerging pathogen that causes a febrile illness and is transmitted by the same hard-bodied (ixodid) ticks that transmit several other pathogens, including species that cause Lyme disease. was discovered in 1994 in ticks in Japan. It was first reported in humans in 2011 in Russia. It has subsequently been reported in North America, Europe, and Asia. infection is widespread in ticks in the northeastern, northern Midwestern, and far western United States and in Canada. In endemic areas, human seroprevalence averages from 1 to 3% of the population, compared with 15 to 20% for . The most common clinical manifestations of infection are fever, fatigue, headache, chills, myalgia, arthralgia, and nausea. Complications include relapsing fever and rarely, meningoencephalitis. Because clinical manifestations are nonspecific, diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation by PCR or blood smear examination. Antibiotics are effective in clearing infection and are the same as those used for Lyme disease, including doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, penicillin, and ceftriaxone. Preventive measures include avoiding areas where -infected ticks are found, landscape management, and personal protective strategies such as protective clothing, use of acaricides, and tick checks with rapid removal of embedded ticks.
PubMed: 37111439
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040553 -
Wilderness & Environmental Medicine Jun 2021Over the past 2 decades, tickborne disease has been increasingly recognized as a threat to humans as a result of the growing geographic range of ticks. This review... (Review)
Review
Over the past 2 decades, tickborne disease has been increasingly recognized as a threat to humans as a result of the growing geographic range of ticks. This review describes 2 tickborne diseases, Borrelia miyamotoi and Powassan virus, that likely have a significant impact on humans, yet are underdiagnosed compared to most other tickborne diseases. We performed a literature search from 2015 to 2020. Borrelia miyamotoi is a tickborne pathogen that infects and co-infects ticks along with other pathogens, including Borrelia burgdorferi. Because B miyamotoi infects the same Ixodes ticks as B burgdorferi, B miyamotoi may cover a similar geographic range. B miyamotoi infection may be underdiagnosed for 2 reasons. First, a presumptive treatment approach to Lyme disease may result in B miyamotoi infection treatment without identification of the actual cause. Second, the absence of readily available testing and diagnostic criteria makes it difficult to diagnose B miyamotoi infection. Powassan virus is a tickborne flavivirus similar to the dengue virus. Powassan virus disease appears to have an asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic presentation in most people but can cause devastating and fatal encephalitis. The Powassan virus may be transmitted in less than 15 min of tick feeding. Powassan virus disease is a difficult diagnosis because testing capabilities are limited and because there may be co-infection with other tickborne pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Borrelia; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne; Humans; Ixodes; Lyme Disease
PubMed: 33839017
DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.01.005 -
The American Journal of Medicine Feb 2019
Topics: Animals; Borrelia; Borrelia Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Humans; Ixodes; Tick-Borne Diseases
PubMed: 30144406
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.08.012 -
Trends in Parasitology Jun 2015Borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever spirochete that has only recently been identified as a human pathogen. Borrelia miyamotoi is genetically and ecologically... (Review)
Review
Borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever spirochete that has only recently been identified as a human pathogen. Borrelia miyamotoi is genetically and ecologically distinct from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, while both are present in Ixodes ticks. Over 50 patients with an acute febrile illness have been described with a B. miyamotoi infection, and two infected immunocompromised patients developed a meningoencephalitis. Seroprevalence studies indicate exposure in the general population and in specific risk groups, such as patients initially suspected of having human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Here, we review the available literature on B. miyamotoi, describing its presence in ticks, reservoir hosts, and humans, and discussing its potential impact on public health.
Topics: Animals; Arachnid Vectors; Borrelia; Borrelia Infections; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Ixodes; Relapsing Fever
PubMed: 25892254
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.03.008 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jul 2015Borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever Borrelia group spirochete that is transmitted by the same hard-bodied (ixodid) tick species that transmit the agents of Lyme... (Review)
Review
Borrelia miyamotoi is a relapsing fever Borrelia group spirochete that is transmitted by the same hard-bodied (ixodid) tick species that transmit the agents of Lyme disease. It was discovered in 1994 in Ixodes persulcatus ticks in Japan. B. miyamotoi species phylogenetically cluster with the relapsing fever group spirochetes, which usually are transmitted by soft-bodied (argasid) ticks or lice. B. miyamotoi infects at least six Ixodes tick species in North America and Eurasia that transmit Lyme disease group spirochetes and may use small rodents and birds as reservoirs. Human cases of B. miyamotoi infection were first reported in 2011 in Russia and subsequently in the United States, Europe and Japan. These reports document the public health importance of B. miyamotoi, as human B. miyamotoi infection appears to be comparable in frequency to babesiosis or human granulocytic anaplasmosis in some areas and may cause severe disease, including meningoencephalitis. The most common clinical manifestations of B. miyamotoi infection are fever, fatigue, headache, chills, myalgia, arthralgia, and nausea. Symptoms of B. miyamotoi infection generally resolve within a week of the start of antibiotic therapy. B. miyamotoi infection should be considered in patients with acute febrile illness who have been exposed to Ixodes ticks in a region where Lyme disease occurs. Because clinical manifestations are nonspecific, etiologic diagnosis requires confirmation by blood smear examination, PCR, antibody assay, in vitro cultivation, and/or isolation by animal inoculation. Antibiotics that have been used effectively include doxycycline for uncomplicated B. miyamotoi infection in adults and ceftriaxone or penicillin G for meningoencephalitis.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthropod Vectors; Birds; Borrelia; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Disease Reservoirs; Europe; Humans; Ixodes; Japan; Relapsing Fever; Rodentia; Tick-Borne Diseases; United States
PubMed: 25700888
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.02.006 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Sep 2020We report a human case of Borrelia miyamotoi infection diagnosed in Austria. Spirochetes were detected in Giemsa-stained blood smears. The presence of B. miyamotoi in...
We report a human case of Borrelia miyamotoi infection diagnosed in Austria. Spirochetes were detected in Giemsa-stained blood smears. The presence of B. miyamotoi in the patient's blood was confirmed by PCR, and phylogenetic analysis identified an infection with a strain from Europe.
Topics: Animals; Austria; Borrelia; Europe; Humans; Ixodes; Phylogeny
PubMed: 32818401
DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.191501 -
Annals of Internal Medicine Dec 2015
Topics: Borrelia Infections; Female; Humans; Male
PubMed: 26666794
DOI: 10.7326/L15-5187