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Journal of Food Science and Technology Jul 2020Plants consist of triterpenoids such as phytosterols (PT) (CHO) with steroidal nuclei, including sitosterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol and campesterol. They are... (Review)
Review
Plants consist of triterpenoids such as phytosterols (PT) (CHO) with steroidal nuclei, including sitosterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol and campesterol. They are hydrophobic but soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents and are isolated from industrial waste deodorizer distillates of various edible oil industries. They exist as free PT or their ester derivatives in soybean, rice, wheat, oat, cottonseed and corn fiber, and other cereals and grains. Conventional isolation techniques such as solvent extraction, distillation, evaporative fractionation, saponification and chemical esterification are employed for isolation and purification of PT. The present article reviews the various advanced separation techniques like solvent crystallization, supercritical fluid extraction, high speed counter-current chromatography and enzymatic process as strategic methods to isolate and purify sterols.
PubMed: 32549589
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04209-3 -
Infectious Agents and Cancer Apr 2023Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) does not respond well to current treatment options like sorafenib, and there is an urgent need for...
BACKGROUND
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) does not respond well to current treatment options like sorafenib, and there is an urgent need for developing therapeutical strategies for HBV + HCC. Brassicasterol has previously shown anti-cancer and anti-viral activities, however, its value against HBV + HCC remains to be explored.
METHODS
The inhibitory effect of brassicasterol and sorafenib was evaluated on HBV + HCC cell lines and xenograft mouse model. The cytotoxicity of brassicasterol on normal liver cells were measured by LDH assay. AKT agonist was used to identify the targeted signaling pathway by brassicasterol.
RESULTS
Brassicasterol induced HBV + HCC cell death in a both dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, and such inhibition was more potent than sorafenib. Brassicasterol did not show apparent cytotoxicity to normal liver cells. Xenograft mouse model further confirmed the inhibitory effect of brassicasterol on the growth of HBV + HCC. Furthermore, signaling pathway analysis showed that brassicasterol-treated HBV + HCC cells had decreased level of phosphor-AKT expression while the addition of AKT agonist could counteract the inhibitory effect of brassicasterol on HCC, indicating that brassicasterol suppressed AKT pathway to exhibit anti-cancer activity in HBV + HCC cells. In addition, brassicasterol showed similar levels of inhibition on HBV- and HBV + HCC cells.
CONCLUSION
Brassicasterol possesses anti-cancer activity against HCC through the downregulation of AKT pathway and such activity is independent of HBV infection.
PubMed: 37081537
DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00502-1 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Jul 2014We present a comparative differential scanning calorimetric study of the effects of the animal sterol cholesterol (Chol) and the plant sterols campesterol (Camp) and...
A comparative calorimetric study of the effects of cholesterol and the plant sterols campesterol and brassicasterol on the thermotropic phase behavior of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes.
We present a comparative differential scanning calorimetric study of the effects of the animal sterol cholesterol (Chol) and the plant sterols campesterol (Camp) and brassicasterol (Bras) on the thermotropic phase behavior of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. Camp and Bras differ from Chol in having a C24 methyl group and, additionally for Bras, a C22 trans-double bond. Camp and especially Bras decrease the temperature, cooperativity and enthalpy of the DPPC pretransition more than Chol, although these effects are attenuated at higher sterol levels. This indicates that they destabilize gel-state DPPC bilayers to a greater extent, but are less soluble, than Chol. Not surprisingly, all three sterols have similar effects on the sterol-poor sharp component of the DPPC main phase transition. However, Camp and especially Bras less effectively increase the temperature and decrease the cooperativity and enthalpy of the broad component of the main transition than Chol. This indicates that at higher sterol concentrations, Camp and Bras are less miscible and less effective than Chol at ordering the hydrocarbon chains of the sterol-enriched fluid DPPC bilayers. Overall, these alkyl side chain modifications generally reduce the ability of Chol to produce its characteristic effects on DPPC bilayer physical properties. These differences are likely due to the less extended and more bent conformations of the alkyl side chains of Camp and Bras, producing sterols with a greater effective cross-sectional area and reduced length than Chol. Hence, the structure of Chol is likely optimized for maximum solubility in, as opposed to maximum ordering of, phospholipid bilayers.
Topics: 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Cholestadienols; Cholesterol; Lipid Bilayers; Membranes; Models, Molecular; Phase Transition; Phytosterols; Temperature
PubMed: 24704414
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.03.019 -
Biomedicines May 2020While few studies have revealed the biological properties of brassicasterol, a phytosterol, against some biological and molecular targets, it is believed that there are...
While few studies have revealed the biological properties of brassicasterol, a phytosterol, against some biological and molecular targets, it is believed that there are still many activities yet to be studied. In this work, brassicasterol exerts a therapeutic utility in an in vitro setting against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and (Mtb) as well as a considerable inhibitory property against human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) that plays a dynamic role in regulating blood pressure. The antireplicative effect of brassicasterol against HSV-1 is remarkably detected (50% inhibitory concentration (IC): 1.2 µM; selectivity index (SI): 41.7), while the potency of its effect is ameliorated through the combination with standard acyclovir with proper SI (IC: 0.7 µM; SI: 71.4). Moreover, the capacity of this compound to induce an adequate level of antituberculosis activity against all Mtb strains examined (minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 1.9 to 2.4 µM) is revealed. The anti-ACE effect (12.3 µg/mL; 91.2% inhibition) is also ascertained. Molecular docking analyses propose that the mechanisms by which brassicasterol induces anti-HSV-1 and anti-Mtb might be related to inhibiting vital enzymes involved in HSV-1 replication and Mtb cell wall biosynthesis. In summary, the obtained results suggest that brassicasterol might be promising for future anti-HSV-1, antituberculosis, and anti-ACE drug design.
PubMed: 32456343
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050132 -
Biomedicines Sep 2020In the Compendium of Materia Medica, seahorse () is considered effective for the reinforcement of kidney and men's health. However, the role of seahorse on human health...
In the Compendium of Materia Medica, seahorse () is considered effective for the reinforcement of kidney and men's health. However, the role of seahorse on human health lacks scientific evidence. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of seahorse on human prostate cancer using various in vitro methods and identified bioactive compound. Seahorse lipid extract (SHL) decreased androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression in dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced LNCaP cells of prostate cancer. Gas Chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry data showed that brassicasterol was present in . Brassicasterol downregulated the expression of AR and PSA in DHT-induced LNCaP cells. Brassicasterol induced apoptosis accompanied by sub-G1 phase arrest and inhibited migration in LNCaP cells. We confirmed that AKT and AR mediated the anti-cancer effect of brassicasterol using siRNA transfection. Brassicasterol exerts an anti-cancer effect in AR-independent cancer as well as in AR-dependent cells by AKT inhibiting. Our findings suggest that SHL has the anticancer potential via inhibition of AR and demonstrated that brassicasterol from exerted an anti-cancer effect by dual-targeting AKT and AR signaling in prostate cancer.
PubMed: 32972001
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090370 -
Alzheimer's Research & Therapy Mar 2024Studies have suggested that blood circulating phytosterols, plant-derived sterols analogous to cholesterol, were associated with blood lipid levels and the risk of...
BACKGROUND
Studies have suggested that blood circulating phytosterols, plant-derived sterols analogous to cholesterol, were associated with blood lipid levels and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). This Mendelian randomization (MR) study is performed to determine the causal effect of circulating phytosterols on AD and PD and evaluate the mediation effect of blood lipids.
METHODS
Leveraging genome-wide association studies summary-level data for phytosterols, blood lipids, AD, and PD, univariable and multivariable MR (MVMR) analyses were conducted. Four types of phytosterols (brassicasterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol), three blood lipids parameters (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], non-HDL-C, and triglyceride), two datasets for AD and PD were used. Inverse-variance weighted method was applied as the primary analysis, and false discovery rate method was used for adjustment of multiple comparisons.
RESULTS
Using the largest AD dataset, genetically proxied higher levels of stigmasterol (OR = 0.593, 95%CI = 0.431-0.817, P = 0.004) and sitosterol (OR = 0.864, 95%CI = 0.791-0.943, P = 0.004) significantly correlated with a lower risk of AD. No significant associations were observed between all four types of phytosterols levels and PD. MVMR estimates showed that the above causal associations were missing after integrating the blood lipids as exposures. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these associations, with no evidence of pleiotropy and heterogeneity.
CONCLUSION
The study supports a potential beneficial role of blood stigmasterol and sitosterol in reducing the risk of AD, but not PD, which is dependent on modulating blood lipids. These insights highlight circulating stigmasterol and sitosterol as possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD.
Topics: Humans; Sitosterols; Stigmasterol; Alzheimer Disease; Genome-Wide Association Study; Parkinson Disease; Phytosterols; Cholesterol; Lipids
PubMed: 38461353
DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01424-9 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2022The study of milk fat composition is a priority topic at the international level; however, there are few studies on the composition of triacylglycerides (TAG) and...
The study of milk fat composition is a priority topic at the international level; however, there are few studies on the composition of triacylglycerides (TAG) and sterols in cow’s milk produced in organic production systems. The objective of this study was to determine the profile of TAG, cholesterol, and other sterols in the fat of raw cow’s milk produced under organic conditions in the municipality of Tecpatán, Chiapas. Every month for one year, milk samples were obtained from three production units (PU 1, 2 and 3) and from the collecting tank (CT) of the municipality (12 months × 4 = 48 samples), in accordance with Mexican regulations. Milk fat was extracted by detergent solution and TAG and sterol analyses were performed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and capillary columns. Chromatographic analyses identified and quantified 15 TAG in all milk fats, from C26 to C54, with a bimodal behavior; the maximum value (% w/w) for the first mode was located at C38 (14.48) and, for the second mode, C50 and C52 were considered with values of 11.55 and 11.60, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test only yielded significance (p < 0.05) for C26; most TAG values over time showed homogeneous variability. Cholesterol, brassicasterol, and campesterol were also determined; ANOVA did not show statistical significance (p ≥ 0.05) between them in the production units and collecting tank. Cholesterol had the highest percentage of the sterols with a mean value of 96.41%. The TAG and cholesterol profiles found in this study were similar to those reported in other countries.
PubMed: 35625137
DOI: 10.3390/ani12101292 -
Metabolites Aug 2019Rapeseed is an important oilseed with proper fatty acid composition and abundant bioactive components. Canada and China are the two major rapeseed-producing countries...
Rapeseed is an important oilseed with proper fatty acid composition and abundant bioactive components. Canada and China are the two major rapeseed-producing countries all over the world. Meanwhile, Canada and Mongolia are major importers of rapeseed due to the great demand for rapeseed in China. To investigate the metabolites in rapeseeds from three countries, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)-based metabolomics was employed to analyze rapeseeds from China, Canada, and Mongolia. As results, 67, 53, and 68 metabolites showed significant differences between Chinese and Canadian, Chinese and Mongolian, and Canadian and Mongolian rapeseeds, respectively. Differential metabolites were mainly distributed in the metabolic pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis. Among the differential metabolites, contents of sinapate and sinapine were higher in Chinese rapeseeds, while the contents of brassicasterol, stigmasterol, and campestanol were higher in Canadian rapeseeds. These findings might provide insight into the metabolic characteristics of rapeseeds from three countries to guide processing and consumption of the products of rapeseed.
PubMed: 31374906
DOI: 10.3390/metabo9080161 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2022Dysbiosis and perturbations of fecal metabolic profiles have been reported in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Currently the incidence of dysbiosis and the fecal... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Dysbiosis and perturbations of fecal metabolic profiles have been reported in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. Currently the incidence of dysbiosis and the fecal metabolomic profile in Yorkshire Terriers with chronic enteropathy (YTE) and the effects of treatment are unknown. This prospective observational study analyzed the dysbiosis index (DI) and fecal bile acid, sterol and fatty acid profiles in 14 Yorkshire Terriers with active YTE, 11 dogs in clinical remission, and 26 healthy Yorkshire Terriers. YTE was associated with dysbiosis and a significant increase in fatty acids (docosanoate, p = 0.002; gondoate, p = 0.026; erucate, p < 0.001; nervonate, p < 0.001; linolenate, p < 0.001), and plant sterols (campesterol, p < 0.001; brassicasterol, p = 0.024). The abundances of Fusobacterium (p < 0.001) and Cl. hiranonis (p = 0.018) and the concentrations of the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (p = 0.033) and the plant sterol sitostanol (p = 0.003) were significantly decreased compared to healthy dogs. Dysbiosis, abundances of Fusobacterium, Cl. hiranonis and fecal concentrations of bile acids and sterols did not recover after treatment, while fecal fatty acid concentrations decreased in treated dogs. YTE is associated with dysbiosis and changes in bile acid, fatty acid, and sterol metabolism. These changes only recovered partially despite clinical remission. They might be breed-specific and involved in the pathogenesis of YTE.
Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Dysbiosis; Fatty Acids; Feces; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Sterols
PubMed: 35902689
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17244-6 -
Cells Jun 2023Ecdysteroids are crucial in regulating the growth and development of insects. In the fruit fly , both C and C ecdysteroids have been identified. While the biosynthetic...
Ecdysteroids are crucial in regulating the growth and development of insects. In the fruit fly , both C and C ecdysteroids have been identified. While the biosynthetic pathway of the C ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) from cholesterol is relatively well understood, the biosynthetic pathway of C ecdysteroids from C or C dietary sterols remains unknown. In this study, we found that different dietary sterols (including the C sterols cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol, the C sterols brassicasterol, campesterol, and ergosterol, and the C sterols β-sitosterol, α-spinasterol, and stigmasterol) differentially affected the expression of 20E biosynthetic genes to varying degrees, but similarly activated 20E primary response gene expression in Kc cells. We also found that a single dietary sterol was sufficient to support growth and development. Furthermore, the expression levels of some 20E biosynthetic genes were significantly altered, whereas the expression of 20E signaling primary response genes remained unaffected when flies were reared on lipid-depleted diets supplemented with single sterol types. Overall, our study provided preliminary clues to suggest that the same enzymatic system responsible for the classical C ecdysteroid 20E biosynthetic pathway also participated in the conversion of C and C dietary sterols into C ecdysteroids.
Topics: Animals; Sterols; Drosophila melanogaster; Ecdysteroids; Ecdysterone; Cholesterol
PubMed: 37443773
DOI: 10.3390/cells12131739