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Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No... Dec 2022Lorenzo's Oil, an American movie released in 1992, is based on a true story of a couple who spare no effort to search for a cure for their 5-year-old son who gradually...
Lorenzo's Oil, an American movie released in 1992, is based on a true story of a couple who spare no effort to search for a cure for their 5-year-old son who gradually develops eccentricities and signs of progressive motor and speech disturbances and is diagnosed with adrenoleukodystrophy. Despite lack of medical knowledge, Lorenzo's parents embark on a mission to study the disease on their own and eventually discover a therapeutic mixture referred to as Lorenzo's oil. Most characters in the movie retained real-life names. Even after its release in 1992, the movie has provided some subjects in many ways.
Topics: Humans; Child, Preschool; Erucic Acids; Triolein; Adrenoleukodystrophy; Drug Combinations
PubMed: 36503132
DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202247 -
Metabolic Brain Disease Jan 2020Increasing recent evidence suggests a key role of oligodendroglial injury and demyelination in the pathophysiology of Huntington's Disease (HD) and the transcription... (Review)
Review
Increasing recent evidence suggests a key role of oligodendroglial injury and demyelination in the pathophysiology of Huntington's Disease (HD) and the transcription factor PPARδ is critical for oligodendroglial regeneration and myelination. PPARδ directly involves in the pathogenesis of HD and treatment with a brain-permeable PPARδ-agonist (KD3010) alleviates its severity in mice. Erucic acid (EA) is also a PPARδ-ligand ω9 fatty acid which is highly consumed in Asian countries through ingesting cruciferous vegetables such as rapeseed (Brassica napus) and indian mustard (Brassica juncea). EA is also an ingredient of Lorenzo's oil employed in the medical treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy and can be converted to nervonic acid, a component of myelin. HD pathogenesis also involves oxidative and inflammatory injury and EA exerts antioxidative and antiinflammatory efficacies including inhibition of thrombin and elastase. Consumption of rapeseed, indian mustard, and Canola oils (containing EA) improves cognitive parameters in animal models, as well as treatment with pure EA. Moreover, erucamide, an endogenous EA-amide derivative regulating angiogenesis and water balance, exerts antidepressive and anxiolytic effects in mice. Hitherto, no study has investigated the therapeutic potential of EA in HD and we believe that it strongly merits to be studied in animal models of HD as a potential therapeutic.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Erucic Acids; Humans; Huntington Disease; Ligands; PPAR delta; Protein Structure, Secondary
PubMed: 31625071
DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00500-6 -
Metabolic Brain Disease Dec 2022Erucic acid, an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid present in Brassicaceae plants (rapeseed and mustard oils) is highly consumed by the Chinese population and according... (Review)
Review
Erucic acid, an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid present in Brassicaceae plants (rapeseed and mustard oils) is highly consumed by the Chinese population and according to several global survey studies, its highest levels are encountered in the Chinese women's milk. Erucic acid is an activating ligand of the transcription factor PPARδ and an inhibitor of the transcriptional activity of PPARγ, which drive tumorigenesis of glioblastomas and medulloblastomas. In this theoretical review, we propose that erucic acid in diet may associate with the risk of brain tumors. High grade brain tumors including medulloblastomas in children and glioblastomas in adults have devastating consequences for human health and the latter tumors are practically incurable. CONCORD-3 epidemiological study recently published in 2021 revealed a low ratio of medulloblastomas in the pediatric age group and also a low ratio of glioblastomas in adults in the Chinese population. It is certain that such profound differences can not be attributed to a single genetic factor or a single nurture pattern. It is very likely that multiple hereditary, nutritional and environmental factors are responsible for these lower ratios; yet here we propose that erucic acid may be one of the contributing factors. If future epidemiological studies and animal models show antitumor activity of erucic acid regarding brain neoplasias, it can be utilized as a preventive strategy for populations possessing very high risks to develop brain tumors such as those harbouring hereditary syndromes increasing the vulnerability to develop such malignancies.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Child; Glioblastoma; Medulloblastoma; Erucic Acids; Plant Oils; Diet; Brain Neoplasms; Cerebellar Neoplasms; China
PubMed: 35704146
DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01022-4 -
Gynecological Endocrinology : the... Dec 2022Long-term dietary fat intake is thought to affect metabolism and pregnancy of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients, and the type of fatty acids one consumes plays...
BACKGROUND
Long-term dietary fat intake is thought to affect metabolism and pregnancy of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients, and the type of fatty acids one consumes plays an important role. Previous studies mostly used questionnaires to analyze the type and proportion of fatty acids.
METHODS
This prospective study included 91 PCOS patients. Serum fatty acids were measured by the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry method before ovulation induction. We compared the fatty acids between the pregnancy group and the nonpregnancy group and explored the influence of the fatty acids on live births and pregnancy loss.
RESULTS
Nervonic acid was lower in the pregnancy group than in the nonpregnancy group (0.25% vs. 0.30%, = .017). The following trans-fatty acids were significantly lower in the pregnancy group than in the nonpregnancy group: trans-10-heptadecenoic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, trans-11-eicosenoic acid, and brassidic acid. The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the live birth group was significantly higher than the pregnancy loss group (16.95% vs. 15.10%, = .039). Among individual PUFAs, the levels of linoleic acid ( = .043), docosapentaenoic acid ( = .024), alpha-linolenic acid ( = .042), and eicosapentaenoic acid ( = .035) were higher in the live birth group than in the pregnancy loss group. After adjusting for infertility duration, age, and body mass index, our findings suggested an inverse association between pregnancy and nervonic acid, trans-10-heptadecenoic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, trans-11-eicosenoic acid, and brassidic acid and pregnancy.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate that polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with live birth in PCOS patients. Serum trans-fatty acids and nervonic acid might be risk factors for nonpregnancy. The mechanism of the influence of different fatty acids on pregnancy and live birth merits further exploration.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Prospective Studies; Fatty Acids; Erucic Acids; Trans Fatty Acids; Birth Rate; Ovulation Induction; Abortion, Spontaneous
PubMed: 36443944
DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2022.2148647 -
Nutritional Neuroscience May 2022Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are characterised by loss of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. For the normal functioning of the brain, divers group of fatty acids... (Review)
Review
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are characterised by loss of neurons in the brain and spinal cord. For the normal functioning of the brain, divers group of fatty acids in the form of glycerophospholipids, glycerol ether lipids, cerebrosides, sulfatides, and gangliosides are essential. They are present abundantly in the nervous system and are actively involved in both the development and maintenance of the nervous system. A dietary deficiency of essential fatty acid during development results in hypomyelination state which affects various neuronal functions. Several studies suggested that age remains the primary risk factor for almost all neurodegenerative disorders. The potential contribution of these fatty acids in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders is indispensable. Erucic acid an omega 9 fatty acid, which is obtained from edible oils has proven to cause myocardial lipidosis, heart lesions and hepatic steatosis in animals therefore, its content in edible oils is restricted to certain levels by regulatory agencies. However, erucic acid in the form of a mixture with oleic acid is often used as a dietary treatment for the management of adrenoleukodystrophy without any cardiotoxicity. Our literature search revealed that, erucic acid reported to enhance cognitive function, interact with peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), inhibit elastase and thrombin. In this review first we have attempted to describe the relationship between fatty acids and neurodegeneration followed by a description on the pharmacology of erucic acid. The overall purpose of this review is to analyse toxic and beneficial neuropharmacological effects of erucic acid.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Erucic Acids; Fatty Acids; Oleic Acid; Plant Oils
PubMed: 33054628
DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2020.1831262 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Erucic acid (EA) is monounsaturated fatty acid (22:1 n-9), synthesized in the seeds of many plants from the family, with , , or considered as its richest source. As... (Review)
Review
Erucic acid (EA) is monounsaturated fatty acid (22:1 n-9), synthesized in the seeds of many plants from the family, with , , or considered as its richest source. As the compound has been blamed for the poisoning effect in Toxic Oil Syndrome, and some data indicated its cardiotoxicity to rats, EA has been for decades classified as toxic substance, the use of which should be avoided. However, the cardiac adverse effects of EA have not been confirmed in humans, and the experiments in animal models had many limitations. Thus, the aim of this review was to present the results of the so far published studies on both toxic, and pharmacological properties of EA, trying to answer the question on its future medicinal use. Despite the ambiguous and relatively small data on toxic and beneficial effects of EA it seems that the compound is worth investigating. Further research should be particularly directed at the verification EA toxicity, more in-depth studies on its neuroprotective and cytotoxic properties, but also its use in combination with other drugs, as well as its role as a drug carrier.
Topics: Humans; Rats; Animals; Erucic Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Brassica napus; Seeds
PubMed: 36838911
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041924 -
Current Drug Delivery 2020Liposomes are mostly known to be prepared from phospholipids and lipids and have a remarkable capacity to encapsulate both lipophobic and lipophilic molecules. However,...
BACKGROUND
Liposomes are mostly known to be prepared from phospholipids and lipids and have a remarkable capacity to encapsulate both lipophobic and lipophilic molecules. However, there is little research on developing fatty acid liposomes for chemotherapy.
OBJECTIVE
We have successfully prepared mixed fatty acid liposomes from two monounsaturated fatty acids, namely oleic acid and erucic acid, which stabilised by DOPEPEG2000. The Critical Vesicular Concentration (CVC) of liposomes was found to be within 0.09 to 0.21 mmol dm, with an average particle size of 400 nm.
METHODS
Encapsulation of various anticancer drugs such as folinic acid, methotrexate, doxorubicin, or irinotecan resulted in Encapsulation Efficiency (%EE) of up to 90%. Using a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the median Inhibitory Concentration (IC) values of mixed oleic acid-erucic acid encapsulating hydrophilic drugs was remarkably reduced at the end of 24 hours of incubation with the human lung carcinoma cell line A549.
RESULTS
The results suggest that mixed oleic acid-erucic acid liposomes are a potential new approach to further develop as an alternative vehicle of various drugs for cancer treatment.
Topics: A549 Cells; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Doxorubicin; Drug Carriers; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Erucic Acids; Humans; Irinotecan; Leucovorin; Liposomes; Methotrexate; Oleic Acid; Particle Size; Surface Properties
PubMed: 32039684
DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200210122933 -
Nature Clinical Practice. Neurology Mar 2007X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by a defect in the gene ABCD1, which maps to Xq28 and codes for a peroxisomal membrane protein that is a member of the... (Review)
Review
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by a defect in the gene ABCD1, which maps to Xq28 and codes for a peroxisomal membrane protein that is a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily. X-ALD is panethnic and affects approximately 1:20,000 males. Phenotypes include the rapidly progressive childhood, adolescent, and adult cerebral forms; adrenomyeloneuropathy, which presents as slowly progressive paraparesis in adults; and Addison disease without neurologic manifestations. These phenotypes are frequently misdiagnosed, respectively, as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), multiple sclerosis, or idiopathic Addison disease. Approximately 50% of female carriers develop a spastic paraparesis secondary to myelopathic changes similar to adrenomyeloneuropathy. Assays of very long chain fatty acids in plasma, cultured chorion villus cells and amniocytes, and mutation analysis permit presymptomatic and prenatal diagnosis, as well as carrier identification. The timely use of these assays is essential for genetic counseling and therapy. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent overt Addison disease, and significantly reduce the frequency of the severe childhood cerebral phenotype. A promising new method for mass newborn screening has been developed, the implementation of which will have a profound effect on the diagnosis and therapy of X-ALD.
Topics: Adrenoleukodystrophy; Drug Combinations; Erucic Acids; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Phenotype; Triolein
PubMed: 17342190
DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0421 -
Nutrition and Metabolism 1975Cardiac lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) of weanling rats fed diets containing 15% by weight of rapeseed oil (RSO), hydrogenated rapeseed oil (HRSO), trierucin...
Cardiac lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) of weanling rats fed diets containing 15% by weight of rapeseed oil (RSO), hydrogenated rapeseed oil (HRSO), trierucin (TE) or tribassidin (TB) were analyzed after 3 and 7 days of feeding. The amount of C22:1 was made equal in the 4 diets. Trans-isomers of erucic acid found in HRSO and TB do not cause as high an accumulation of lipids and docosenoic acids in the heart as erucic acid. Digestibility of brassidic acid (46%) is lower than that or erucic acid (83%) but even then, the amount of brassidic acid found in cardiac lipids (calculated per gram of absorbed fatty acid) after 7 days of feeding is 10 times less than that of erucic acid. Brassidic acid, like erucic acid, can be converted into shorter monoenes (C20:1 and C18:1) since transC18:1 has been found in cardiac phospholipids of rats fed trans-docosenoic acid as the only source of trans-acid in the diet.
Topics: Animals; Dietary Fats; Erucic Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Male; Myocardium; Oils; Phospholipids; Rats; Seeds; Time Factors; Triglycerides
PubMed: 1230664
DOI: No ID Found -
International Immunopharmacology Apr 2019The transcription factor, PPARδ is involved in suppressing inflammation, stimulating oligodendroglial biogenesis and myelination. Furthermore, activation of PPARδ... (Review)
Review
The transcription factor, PPARδ is involved in suppressing inflammation, stimulating oligodendroglial biogenesis and myelination. Furthermore, activation of PPARδ directly protects mitochondria against noxious stimuli and stimulates biogenesis of new mitochondria. PPARδ activation directly inhibits neuronal cell death and reduces both the level and neurotoxicity of Amyloid-β fibers in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) models. Among the important ligands of PPARδ is erucic acid (EA, 22:1 n9), an edible omega-9 fatty acid and a component of Lorenzo's oil, which is used in the treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). Nonetheless, the feature of PPARδ-erucic acid interaction has not been extensively studied. EA can also be converted to nervonic acid, an important component of myelin. Hence, EA may act as an anti-inflammatory and remyelinating agent, which might be important in the management of another demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). Oxidative injury and mitochondrial damage are among the features of ALD. Direct inhibitory effects of EA was observed on lipid peroxidation and inflammatory enzymes, neutrophil elastase and thrombin. EA also induces catalase, a potent antioxidant peroxisomal enzyme. However, EA is claimed to be a cardiotoxic molecule, yet these studies were mostly performed on rats, which do not efficiently metabolize EA. Further, EA is largely consumed by Asian population and Greenland Eskimos with no signs of cardiac damage. In this review, we shed light on the potential theraputic role of EA in MS and AD by blocking neural cell death, mitigating neuroinflammation and/or inducing myelination.
Topics: Adrenoleukodystrophy; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Cardiotoxicity; Drug Combinations; Erucic Acids; Humans; Immunity; Ligands; Lipid Peroxidation; Mitochondria; Multiple Sclerosis; Oxidative Stress; PPAR delta; Rats; Triolein
PubMed: 30738994
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.057