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Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Jun 2023Hydatid cyst disease is a parasitic infestation caused by the tapeworm . The incidence of the disease is 1-200 cases per 100 000. The usual presentation is the...
Hydatid cyst disease is a parasitic infestation caused by the tapeworm . The incidence of the disease is 1-200 cases per 100 000. The usual presentation is the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the liver or lungs and, less commonly, in the brain. The breast is a rare site of presentation for this disease. An isolated hydatid cyst in the breast is very rare, even in endemic regions, occurring in only 0.27% of all hydatid cases. Although these cases are very rare, they should be considered severe. A hydatid breast cyst may mimic a fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, chronic abscess, or even carcinoma. Therefore, a high incidence of misdiagnosis may occur. Preoperative diagnosis can be made using needle aspiration and imaging facilities such as breast ultrasonography, mammograms, and computerized topographic images. Nevertheless, in most cases, the final diagnosis cannot be made until the pathological report is obtained postsurgery. This paper reports the first case of a bilateral hydatid cyst of the breast that was diagnosed preoperatively by radiological facilities. We present the patient history, physical examination, and investigations, discuss the risk factors, and present our treatment plan.
PubMed: 37363452
DOI: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000642 -
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases Nov 2023Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH) deficiency caused by 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency is a rare disorder that is one of the major causes of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH) deficiency caused by 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) deficiency is a rare disorder that is one of the major causes of hyperphenylalaninemia in Taiwan.
METHODS
In this study, we reviewed the clinical courses of 12 adolescent and adult patients (7 females and 5 males) with PTPS deficiency.
RESULTS
The patients were treated shortly after diagnosis through newborn screening with a combination of BH, levodopa/carbidopa, and 5-OH-tryptophan. Their plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine levels were well controlled, and their prolactin levels were also decreased after treatment. However, their prolactin levels gradually rose as they grew into puberty, and at a current age of 27.5 [interquartile range (IQR 7.9)] years, five of the 12 patients had either highly elevated prolactin levels (> 100 ng/mL in one male patient, normal reference values, male < 11 ng/mL, female < 17 ng/mL) or symptoms, including irregular menstruation, amenorrhea, and breast swelling (in four female patients). The dosage of levodopa in these five patients (14.3 (IQR 3.0) mg/kg/day) was slightly higher than that in the other patients (p = 0.05). Magnetic resonance imaging studies did not reveal an increase in the size of the anterior pituitary gland, although a Rathke cleft cyst was found in one patient. Two patients received cabergoline treatment, which promptly lowered prolactin levels and relieved symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
Hyperprolactinemia is common in female patients with PTPS deficiency, especially after puberty. A long-acting dopamine agonist, such as cabergoline, may be a necessary adjunctive treatment for most patients with BH deficiency.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Cabergoline; Hyperprolactinemia; Levodopa; Phenylketonurias; Prolactin
PubMed: 37950276
DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02963-4 -
Journal of Medical Ultrasonics (2001) Jul 2023Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected lesions are often category 2 or 3 lesions on initial ultrasound examination. In addition, in the case of new non-mass lesions... (Review)
Review
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected lesions are often category 2 or 3 lesions on initial ultrasound examination. In addition, in the case of new non-mass lesions detected on MRI, one would expect to find lesions with ductal dilatation with minimal secretory accumulation, single short lesions with ductal dilatation, cyst-like lesions less than 5 mm in size, mammary gland-like lesions less than 8 mm in size, and very indistinct lesions. Detection is expected to be even more difficult. Currently, there are no clear uniform criteria for the indication of second-look ultrasonography (US) for MRI-detected lesions, so it is not possible to make a general comparison, but recent studies have indicated that the ratio of mass to non-mass MRI-detected lesions is 7:3. And it has been pointed out that the percentage of malignancy is about 30% for each. Before about 2012, the US detection rate was about 70%, and MRI-guided biopsies of undetected lesions showed a small percentage of malignant lesions. Therefore, some observers believe that lesions not detected on US should be followed up, while others believe that MRI-guided biopsy should be performed. Recently, however, the use of surrounding anatomical structures as landmarks for second-look US has increased the detection rate to as high as 87-99%, and the percentage of malignancy remains the same. In addition, recent surveillance of high-risk breast cancer requires careful management of MRI-detected lesions. In this review, we will discuss the literature on MRI-detected lesions and describe ultrasound techniques to accurately detect small lesions and reliably reveal pale lesions based on their structural differences from their surroundings.
Topics: Female; Humans; Ultrasonography, Mammary; Reproducibility of Results; Ultrasonography; Image-Guided Biopsy; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Breast Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; Breast
PubMed: 37119448
DOI: 10.1007/s10396-023-01306-x -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease that poses a threat to human health and a considerable loss to livestock farming. At present, clinical...
is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease that poses a threat to human health and a considerable loss to livestock farming. At present, clinical therapeutic drugs mainly target tachyzoites and fail to eradicate bradyzoites. Developing a safe and effective vaccine against toxoplasmosis is urgent and important. Breast cancer has become a major public health problem and the therapeutic method needs to be further explored. Many similarities exist between the immune responses caused by infection and the immunotherapy for cancers. dense granule organelles secrete immunogenic dense granule proteins (GRAs). GRA5 is localized to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane in the tachyzoite stage and the cyst wall in the bradyzoite stage. We found that ME49 knockout strain (ME49Δ) was avirulent and failed to form cysts but stimulated antibodies, inflammatory cytokines, and leukocytes infiltration in mice. We next investigated the protective efficacy of ME49Δ vaccination against infection and tumor development. All the immunized mice survived the challenge infection of either wild-type RH, ME49, VEG tachyzoites, or ME49 cysts. Moreover, ME49Δ tachyzoite inoculation attenuated the growth of murine breast tumor (4T1) in mice and prevented 4T1's lung metastasis. ME49Δ inoculation upregulated the levels of Th1 cytokines and tumor-infiltrating T cells in the tumor microenvironment and triggered anti-tumor responses by increasing the number of natural killer, B, and T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the spleen. Collectively, these results suggested that ME49Δ was a potent live attenuated vaccine against infection and breast cancer.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Female; Toxoplasma; Protozoan Proteins; Toxoplasmosis, Animal; Cytokines; Immunoglobulin G; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Breast Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37426671
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1173379 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Jul 2023Hydatid cysts are mainly found in the liver and lungs. Only few cases have been reported in the breast and majority of these cases have been diagnosed post 15... (Review)
Review
Hydatid cysts are mainly found in the liver and lungs. Only few cases have been reported in the breast and majority of these cases have been diagnosed post 15 operatively. We report a case of hydatid cyst of the breast diagnosed pre-operatively by fine needle aspiration and cytology (FNAC), without any complication. A 50 years old female presented with a slowly growing mobile lump in the left breast for 3 years. Mammography showed a circumscribed opacity in left breast. High resolution ultrasound displayed a unilocular cyst with some echogenic specks settling to the gravity dependent portion. An aspiration was planned and, as the cyst volume decreased, membranes appeared within the residual fluid and started settling down. Cytology of aspirated fluid revealed a hydatid cyst. Hydatid cysts in the breast are rare but possible, particularly in endemic regions. Clinical and radiological aspects of hydatid disease along with review of literature are presented in this paper.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Echinococcosis; Breast; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Diagnosis, Differential; Cysts
PubMed: 37469075
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.7085 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Dec 2023This study compares the clinical properties of original breast ultrasound images and those synthesized by a generative adversarial network (GAN) to assess the clinical...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
This study compares the clinical properties of original breast ultrasound images and those synthesized by a generative adversarial network (GAN) to assess the clinical usefulness of GAN-synthesized images.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively collected approximately 200 breast ultrasound images for each of five representative histological tissue types (cyst, fibroadenoma, scirrhous, solid, and tubule-forming invasive ductal carcinomas) as training images. A deep convolutional GAN (DCGAN) image-generation model synthesized images of the five histological types. Two diagnostic radiologists (reader 1 with 13 years of experience and reader 2 with 7 years of experience) were given a reading test consisting of 50 synthesized and 50 original images (≥1-month interval between sets) to assign the perceived histological tissue type. The percentages of correct diagnoses were calculated, and the reader agreement was assessed using the kappa coefficient.
RESULTS
The synthetic and original images were indistinguishable. The correct diagnostic rates from the synthetic images for readers 1 and 2 were 86.0% and 78.0% and from the original images were 88.0% and 78.0%, respectively. The kappa values were 0.625 and 0.650 for the synthetic and original images, respectively. The diagnoses made from the DCGAN synthetic images and original images were similar.
CONCLUSION
The DCGAN-synthesized images closely resemble the original ultrasound images in clinical characteristics, suggesting their potential utility in clinical education and training, particularly for enhancing diagnostic skills in breast ultrasound imaging.
Topics: Humans; Female; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography, Mammary; Breast Neoplasms; Cysts; Educational Status
PubMed: 38276048
DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010014 -
Journal of Tropical Medicine 2024Antigens in hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) have been discovered to bear a significant resemblance to antigens present in cancer cells. MicroRNA-1 (miR-1) is a well-known...
Antigens in hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) have been discovered to bear a significant resemblance to antigens present in cancer cells. MicroRNA-1 (miR-1) is a well-known member of the tumor inhibitor miRNA family and has been shown to have pro-apoptotic and tumor-inhibitory functions. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of HCF to prevent breast cancer and to explore the underlying mechanisms that affect cancer cells. For this study, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells were cultured and divided into two groups: one group received HCF treatment and the other group was untreated and served as the control group. The cytotoxicity and cell viability of various HCF concentrations on breast cancer cells were evaluated using the MTT assay. In addition, the expression level of miR-1 in HCF-treated and untreated breast cancer cells was analyzed using qRT-PCR. The study found that HCF treatment reduced the growth of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, indicating that it was cytotoxic to the cells. Specifically, the IC50 concentration of HCF after 24 hours of treatment was 7.32 g/mL for MDA-MB-231 cells and 13.63 g/mL for MCF-7 cells. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of miR-1 was significantly increased in HCF-treated MDA-MB-231 (=0.0203) and MCF-7 (=0.0394) cell lines compared to untreated controls. Although HCF has been shown to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells and to upregulate miR-1, a key tumor suppressor in cancer cells, the specific mechanisms responsible for this effect remain unclear. Further studies are needed to fully understand the molecular pathways underlying HCF's antitumor activity and its potential as a therapeutic agent in cancer therapy.
PubMed: 38504949
DOI: 10.1155/2024/7474039 -
Clinical Case Reports Dec 2023A hydatid cyst is a parasitic infestation most frequently caused by the larval tapeworm known as . Breast hydatidosis is a very uncommon condition that may be the main...
A hydatid cyst is a parasitic infestation most frequently caused by the larval tapeworm known as . Breast hydatidosis is a very uncommon condition that may be the main site or one of its components in cases of extensive hydatidosis. We discussed a 28-year-old female patient who had been experiencing left breast pain for a year prior to her presentation.
PubMed: 38033691
DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8183