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Cell Insight Feb 2024, an adept intracellular pathogen, causes brucellosis, a zoonotic disease leading to significant global impacts on animal welfare and the economy. Regrettably, there is... (Review)
Review
, an adept intracellular pathogen, causes brucellosis, a zoonotic disease leading to significant global impacts on animal welfare and the economy. Regrettably, there is currently no approved and effective vaccine for human use. The ability of to evade host defenses is essential for establishing chronic infection and ensuring stable intracellular growth. employs various mechanisms to evade and undermine the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host through modulating the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), inflammatory responses, or the activation of immune cells like dendritic cells (DCs) to inhibit antigen presentation. Moreover, it regulates multiple cellular processes such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy to establish persistent infection within host cells. This review summarizes the recently discovered mechanisms employed by to subvert host immune responses and research progress on vaccines, with the aim of advancing our understanding of brucellosis and facilitating the development of more effective vaccines and therapeutic approaches against .
PubMed: 38250017
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2023.100143 -
Annual Review of Microbiology Sep 2023The cell envelope is a multilayered structure that insulates the interior of bacterial cells from an often chaotic outside world. Common features define the envelope... (Review)
Review
The cell envelope is a multilayered structure that insulates the interior of bacterial cells from an often chaotic outside world. Common features define the envelope across the bacterial kingdom, but the molecular mechanisms by which cells build and regulate this critical barrier are diverse and reflect the evolutionary histories of bacterial lineages. Intracellular pathogens of the genus exhibit marked differences in cell envelope structure, regulation, and biogenesis when compared to more commonly studied gram-negative bacteria and therefore provide an excellent comparative model for study of the gram-negative envelope. We review distinct features of the envelope, highlighting a conserved regulatory system that links cell cycle progression to envelope biogenesis and cell division. We further discuss recently discovered structural features of the envelope that ensure envelope integrity and that facilitate cell survival in the face of host immune stressors.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Cell Wall; Biological Evolution; Brucella; Cell Division
PubMed: 37104660
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032521-013159 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2023Recently, microbiota dysbiosis in lung cancer has attracted immense attention. Studies on lung microbes are mostly based on sequencing, which has left the potentially...
Recently, microbiota dysbiosis in lung cancer has attracted immense attention. Studies on lung microbes are mostly based on sequencing, which has left the potentially functional bacteria with extremely low abundance uncovered. In this study, we characterized and compared the lung and oral cavity microbiotas using culturomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Of the 198 bacteria identified at the species level from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, was predominant (39.90%). Twenty bacterial species isolated from BALF samples were present in at least half of the patients and were also highly abundant in oral samples. Of all isolated strains, Streptococcus and were highly dominant. The abundance of and decreased from the oral cavity to the lung, whereas that of Pseudomonas increased. Linear discriminant analysis effect size demonstrated that was more abundant in the healthy samples than in the cancerous ones, which is in accordance with the isolation of Prevotella oralis only from the healthy group using culturomics. Moreover, Gemella sanguinis and Streptococcus intermedius were isolated only from the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) group, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that they were higher in the NSCLC than in the small-cell lung cancer group. Furthermore, while and were enriched in lung adenocarcinoma, Brucella was enriched in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, alterations were observed in the microbial community of patients with lung cancer, whose diversity might be site and pathology dependent. Using culturomics and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, this study has provided insights into pulmonary and oral microbiota alterations in patients with lung cancer. The relationship between lung microbiota and cancer has been explored based on DNA sequencing; however, culture-dependent approaches are indispensable for further studies on the lung microbiota. In this study, we applied a comprehensive approach combining culturomics and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to detect members of the microbiotas in saliva and BALF samples from patients with unilateral lobar masses. We found alterations in the microbial community of patients with lung cancer, whose diversity might be site and pathology dependent. These features may be potential bacterial biomarkers and new targets for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment. In addition, a lung and oral microbial biobank from lung cancer patients was established, which represents a useful resource for studies of host-microbe interactions.
Topics: Humans; Lung Neoplasms; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Genes, rRNA; Lung; Microbiota; Bacteria
PubMed: 37092999
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00314-23 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023The zoonotic bacteria, , is becoming the leading cause of canine brucellosis in Europe. In dogs, it causes reproductive problems as well as non-specific lameness or... (Review)
Review
The zoonotic bacteria, , is becoming the leading cause of canine brucellosis in Europe. In dogs, it causes reproductive problems as well as non-specific lameness or discospondilitis. In humans, can be origin of chronic debilitating conditions characteristic to its genus such as undulant fever, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Although shows some pathogenic characteristics similar to and , it lacks surface O-polysaccharide, like nonzoonotic . This review shows that host- interactions are still poorly understood, with many knowledge and capability gaps, causing relatively poor sensitivity and specificity of existing diagnostic tools. Currently, there is no vaccine for this rough species. Besides, antimicrobial therapy does not guarantee bacterial elimination, and infection relapses are frequently reported, increasing the risks of antibiotic resistance development. has been detected in dogs in almost all European countries which increased human exposure, but currently there is no systematic surveillance. Moreover, caused brucellosis is not included in Animal Health Law, and therefore there is no legal framework to tackle this emerging infectious disease. To map out the diagnostic strategies, identify risks for human infections and propose management scheme for infected pet and kennel dogs, we present current understanding of canine caused brucellosis, outline major knowledge gaps and propose future steps. To address and highlight challenges veterinary and public health services encounter in Europe, we developed two infection scenarios: of a single household pet and of a kennel dog in larger group.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Sheep; Brucella canis; Public Health; Dog Diseases; Brucellosis; Europe
PubMed: 37649455
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2249126 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024consists of gram-negative bacteria that have the ability to invade and replicate in professional and non-professional phagocytes, and its prolonged persistence in the... (Review)
Review
consists of gram-negative bacteria that have the ability to invade and replicate in professional and non-professional phagocytes, and its prolonged persistence in the host leads to brucellosis, a serious zoonosis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-known sensors of microorganisms implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. In particular, TLRs are transmembrane proteins with a typical structure of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region and an intracellular Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. In this review, we discuss infection and the aspects of host immune responses induced by pathogens. Furthermore, we summarize the roles of TLRs in infection, with substantial emphasis on the molecular insights into its mechanisms of action.
Topics: Humans; Toll-Like Receptors; Brucellosis; Brucella; Immunity, Innate
PubMed: 38533384
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1342684 -
Drug Discovery Today Dec 2023Brucellosis, a zoonotic intracellular bacterial infection primarily transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected animals, remains a... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis, a zoonotic intracellular bacterial infection primarily transmitted through the consumption of unpasteurized milk from infected animals, remains a challenging condition to clinically control. This is mainly because of the limited effectiveness of conventional antibiotics in targeting intracellular Brucella. Micro- and nanoformulations of antibiotics, whether used as a mono- or combination therapy, have the potential to reduce the antibiotic doses required and treatment duration. Extensive research has been conducted on various organic, semiorganic, and inorganic nanomaterials with different morphologies, such as nanoparticles (NPs), nanotubes, nanowires, and nanobelts. Metal/metal oxide, lipidic, polymeric, and carbonic NPs have been widely explored to overcome the limitations of traditional formulations. In this review, we discuss the advances and challenges of these novel formulations based on recent investigations.
Topics: Animals; Brucella; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brucellosis
PubMed: 37923166
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103809 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2023To study the clinical presentation and treatment outcome of epidemic retinitis (ER) during pregnancy. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
PURPOSE
To study the clinical presentation and treatment outcome of epidemic retinitis (ER) during pregnancy.
METHODS
This is a retrospective, observational chart review of pregnant patients diagnosed with ER from January 2014 to February 2023. Demographic details, month of pregnancy at the onset of ocular symptoms, history of present illness, clinical manifestations, and treatment outcomes were studied.
RESULTS
In 9 years, ER was seen in 86 females, of whom 12 (13.9%) were pregnant. Twenty-one eyes of those 12 patients were studied. Most of the patients presented in the sixth month of pregnancy (range: 5-9 months, mean: 6.3 months). Physicians diagnosed viral exanthematous fever in six, typhoid in three, and suspected rickettsia in one patient. Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) was performed in two patients before presentation. Weil-Felix test was positive in five, Brucella in one, WIDAL in three, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) IgG and dengue IgG in one patient each. Oral antibiotics were given in five patients (two post-medical termination of pregnancy [MTP]) for the retinitis. All except four received oral steroids. Mean presenting corrected distant visual acuity (n = 21) was 20/125 (range: 20/20-20/20,000), which improved to (n = 18) 20/30 (range: 20/20-20/240). Macular edema (n = 11) resolved in 33.18 days (range: 20-50 days), and retinitis (n = 13) resolved in 58 days (range: 30-110 days). Ocular and systemic examination of newborn was possible in two and the babies were normal.
CONCLUSION
ER is seen commonly at the beginning of the third trimester. Lack of antibiotics may delay the resolution of retinitis. Ocular health needs to be assessed in larger series to conclude absence of retinal involvement in newborns.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; COVID-19; Retinitis; Retina; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Immunoglobulin G; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37417121
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_3169_22 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Sep 2023Brucellosis is a major public health concern worldwide, especially for persons living in resource-limited settings. Historically, an evidence-based estimate of the...
Brucellosis is a major public health concern worldwide, especially for persons living in resource-limited settings. Historically, an evidence-based estimate of the global annual incidence of human cases has been elusive. We used international public health data to fill this information gap through application of risk metrics to worldwide and regional at-risk populations. We performed estimations using 3 statistical models (weighted average interpolation, bootstrap resampling, and Bayesian inference) and considered missing information. An evidence-based conservative estimate of the annual global incidence is 2.1 million, significantly higher than was previously assumed. Our models indicate Africa and Asia sustain most of the global risk and cases, although areas within the Americas and Europe remain of concern. This study reveals that disease risk and incidence are higher than previously suggested and lie mainly within resource-limited settings. Clarification of both misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis is required because those factors will amplify case estimates.
Topics: Humans; Bayes Theorem; Incidence; Africa; Asia; Brucellosis
PubMed: 37610167
DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.230052