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International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2021Fluctuating crude oil price and global environmental problems such as global warming and climate change lead to growing demand for the production of renewable chemicals... (Review)
Review
Fluctuating crude oil price and global environmental problems such as global warming and climate change lead to growing demand for the production of renewable chemicals as petrochemical substitutes. Butanol is a nonpolar alcohol that is used in a large variety of consumer products and as an important industrial intermediate. Thus, the production of butanol from renewable resources (e.g., biomass and organic waste) has gained a great deal of attention from researchers. Although typical renewable butanol is produced via a fermentative route (i.e., acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation of biomass-derived sugars), the fermentative butanol production has disadvantages such as a low yield of butanol and the formation of byproducts, such as acetone and ethanol. To avoid the drawbacks, the production of renewable butanol via non-fermentative catalytic routes has been recently proposed. This review is aimed at providing an overview on three different emerging and promising catalytic routes from biomass/organic waste-derived chemicals to butanol. The first route involves the conversion of ethanol into butanol over metal and oxide catalysts. Volatile fatty acid can be a raw chemical for the production of butanol using porous materials and metal catalysts. In addition, biomass-derived syngas can be transformed to butanol on non-noble metal catalysts promoted by alkali metals. The prospect of catalytic renewable butanol production is also discussed.
Topics: Acetone; Biomass; Butanols; Ethanol; Fermentation
PubMed: 34831504
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211749 -
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry Sep 2020
Topics: Bacteria; Biofuels; Butanols; Ethanol; Industrial Microbiology; Lignin; Methane; Renewable Energy
PubMed: 33002228
DOI: 10.1002/bab.2046 -
Microbial Biotechnology Mar 2020Butanol is an important bulk chemical, as well as a promising renewable gasoline substitute, that is commonly produced by solventogenic Clostridia. The main cost of... (Review)
Review
Butanol is an important bulk chemical, as well as a promising renewable gasoline substitute, that is commonly produced by solventogenic Clostridia. The main cost of cellulosic butanol fermentation is caused by cellulases that are required to saccharify lignocellulose, since solventogenic Clostridia cannot efficiently secrete cellulases. However, cellulolytic Clostridia can natively degrade lignocellulose and produce ethanol, acetate, butyrate and even butanol. Therefore, cellulolytic Clostridia offer an alternative to develop consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), which combines cellulase production, lignocellulose hydrolysis and co-fermentation of hexose/pentose into butanol in one step. This review focuses on CBP advances for butanol production of cellulolytic Clostridia and various synthetic biotechnologies that drive these advances. Moreover, the efforts to optimize the CBP-enabling cellulolytic Clostridia chassis are also discussed. These include the development of genetic tools, pentose metabolic engineering and the improvement of butanol tolerance. Designer cellulolytic Clostridia or consortium provide a promising approach and resource to accelerate future CBP for butanol production.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Butanols; Clostridium; Fermentation; Metabolic Engineering
PubMed: 31448546
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13478 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Feb 2022Cyanobacteria are natural photosynthetic microbes which can be engineered for sustainable conversion of solar energy and carbon dioxide into chemical products. Attempts... (Review)
Review
Cyanobacteria are natural photosynthetic microbes which can be engineered for sustainable conversion of solar energy and carbon dioxide into chemical products. Attempts to improve target production often require an improved understanding of the native cyanobacterial host system. Valuable insights into cyanobacterial metabolism, biochemistry and physiology have been steadily increasing in recent years, stimulating key advancements of cyanobacteria as cell factories for biochemical, including biofuel, production. In the present review, we summarize the current progress in engineering cyanobacteria and discuss the achieved and potential utilization of these advances in cyanobacteria for the production of the bulk chemical butanol, specifically isobutanol and 1-butanol.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Biofuels; Butanols; Cyanobacteria; Metabolic Engineering; Photosynthesis
PubMed: 34411807
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.07.014 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in... (Review)
Review
The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in the postmortem blood and to properly interpret the relevant blood alcohol concentration (BAC) results, in regard to ethanol levels at death and subsequent behavioral impairment of the person at the time of death. Higher alcohols (1-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl-alcohol), and 3-methyl-2-butanol (amyl-alcohol)) are among the volatile compounds that are often detected in postmortem specimens and have been correlated with putrefaction and microbial activity. This brief review investigates the role of the higher alcohols as biomarkers of postmortem, microbial ethanol production, notably, regarding the modeling of postmortem ethanol production. Main conclusions of this contribution are, firstly, that the higher alcohols are qualitative and quantitative indicators of microbial ethanol production, and, secondly that the respective models of microbial ethanol production are tools offering additional data to interpret properly the origin of the ethanol concentrations measured in postmortem cases. More studies are needed to clarify current uncertainties about the origin of higher alcohols in postmortem specimens.
Topics: Alcohols; Autopsy; Blood Alcohol Content; Butanols; Ethanol; Forensic Toxicology; Humans; Pentanols; Postmortem Changes; Propanols
PubMed: 35163964
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030700 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology May 2021The Clostridium genus harbors compelling organisms for biotechnological production processes; while acetogenic clostridia can fix C1-compounds to produce acetate and... (Review)
Review
The Clostridium genus harbors compelling organisms for biotechnological production processes; while acetogenic clostridia can fix C1-compounds to produce acetate and ethanol, solventogenic clostridia can utilize a wide range of carbon sources to produce commercially valuable carboxylic acids, alcohols, and ketones by fermentation. Despite their potential, the conversion by these bacteria of carbohydrates or C1 compounds to alcohols is not cost-effective enough to result in economically viable processes. Engineering solventogenic clostridia by impairing sporulation is one of the investigated approaches to improve solvent productivity. Sporulation is a cell differentiation process triggered in bacteria in response to exposure to environmental stressors. The generated spores are metabolically inactive but resistant to harsh conditions (UV, chemicals, heat, oxygen). In Firmicutes, sporulation has been mainly studied in bacilli and pathogenic clostridia, and our knowledge of sporulation in solvent-producing or acetogenic clostridia is limited. Still, sporulation is an integral part of the cellular physiology of clostridia; thus, understanding the regulation of sporulation and its connection to solvent production may give clues to improve the performance of solventogenic clostridia. This review aims to provide an overview of the triggers, characteristics, and regulatory mechanism of sporulation in solventogenic clostridia. Those are further compared to the current knowledge on sporulation in the industrially relevant acetogenic clostridia. Finally, the potential applications of spores for process improvement are discussed.Key Points• The regulatory network governing sporulation initiation varies in solventogenic clostridia.• Media composition and cell density are the main triggers of sporulation.• Spores can be used to improve the fermentation process.
Topics: Bacteria, Anaerobic; Butanols; Clostridium; Ethanol; Fermentation; Solvents
PubMed: 33900426
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11289-9 -
Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Jan 2020A literature review and health effects evaluation were conducted for n-butanol, a chemical that occurs naturally in some foods, which is an intermediate in the... (Review)
Review
A literature review and health effects evaluation were conducted for n-butanol, a chemical that occurs naturally in some foods, which is an intermediate in the production of butyl esters and can be used as a gasoline additive or blend. Studies evaluating n-butyl acetate were included in the review as n-butyl acetate is rapidly converted to n-butanol following multiple routes of exposure. The primary n-butanol health effects identified were developmental and nervous system endpoints. In conducting the literature review and evaluating study findings, the following observations were made: (1) developmental findings were consistently identified; (2) neurodevelopmental findings were inconsistent; (3) evidence for nervous system effects was weak; (4) comparing internal doses from oral and inhalation exposures using physiologically based pharmacokinetic models introduces uncertainties; and (5) a lack of mechanistic information for n-butanol resulted in the reliance on mechanistic data for ethanol, which may or may not be applicable to n-butanol. This paper presents findings from a literature review on the health effects of n-butanol and proposes research to help reduce uncertainty that exists due to database limitations.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Acetates; Animals; Embryonic Development; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Humans; Nervous System; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Risk Assessment; Toxicity Tests; Toxicokinetics
PubMed: 31231852
DOI: 10.1002/jat.3820 -
Communications Biology Nov 2021Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO) release in the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion has inspired scientists to study CO to biofuel conversion. Oxygenic phototrophs...
Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO) release in the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion has inspired scientists to study CO to biofuel conversion. Oxygenic phototrophs such as cyanobacteria have been used to produce biofuels using CO. However, oxygen generation during oxygenic photosynthesis adversely affects biofuel production efficiency. To produce n-butanol (biofuel) from CO, here we introduce an n-butanol biosynthesis pathway into an anoxygenic (non-oxygen evolving) photoautotroph, Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 (TIE-1). Using different carbon, nitrogen, and electron sources, we achieve n-butanol production in wild-type TIE-1 and mutants lacking electron-consuming (nitrogen-fixing) or acetyl-CoA-consuming (polyhydroxybutyrate and glycogen synthesis) pathways. The mutant lacking the nitrogen-fixing pathway produce the highest n-butanol. Coupled with novel hybrid bioelectrochemical platforms, this mutant produces n-butanol using CO, solar panel-generated electricity, and light with high electrical energy conversion efficiency. Overall, this approach showcases TIE-1 as an attractive microbial chassis for carbon-neutral n-butanol bioproduction using sustainable, renewable, and abundant resources.
Topics: 1-Butanol; Biosynthetic Pathways; Carbon; Electrons; Nitrogen; Rhodopseudomonas
PubMed: 34732832
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02781-z -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Nov 2023Tissue perfusion can be affected by physiology or disease. With the advent of total-body PET, quantitative measurement of perfusion across the entire body is possible....
Tissue perfusion can be affected by physiology or disease. With the advent of total-body PET, quantitative measurement of perfusion across the entire body is possible. [C]-butanol is a perfusion tracer with a superior extraction fraction compared with [O]-water and [N]-ammonia. To develop the methodology for total-body perfusion imaging, a pilot study using [C]-butanol on the uEXPLORER total-body PET/CT scanner was conducted. Eight participants (6 healthy volunteers and 2 patients with peripheral vascular disease [PVD]) were injected with a bolus of [C]-butanol and underwent 30-min dynamic acquisitions. Three healthy volunteers underwent repeat studies at rest (baseline) to assess test-retest reproducibility; 1 volunteer underwent paired rest and cold pressor test (CPT) studies. Changes in perfusion were measured in the paired rest-CPT study. For PVD patients, local changes in perfusion were investigated and correlated with patient medical history. Regional and parametric kinetic analysis methods were developed using a 1-tissue compartment model and leading-edge delay correction. Estimated baseline perfusion values ranged from 0.02 to 1.95 mL·min·cm across organs. Test-retest analysis showed that repeat baseline perfusion measurements were highly correlated (slope, 0.99; Pearson = 0.96, < 0.001). For the CPT subject, the largest regional increases were in skeletal muscle (psoas, 142%) and the myocardium (64%). One of the PVD patients showed increased collateral vessel growth in the calf because of a peripheral stenosis. Comorbidities including myocardial infarction, hypothyroidism, and renal failure were correlated with variations in organ-specific perfusion. This pilot study demonstrates the ability to obtain reproducible measurements of total-body perfusion using [C]-butanol. The methods are sensitive to local perturbations in flow because of physiologic stressors and disease.
Topics: Humans; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Butanols; Positron-Emission Tomography; Reproducibility of Results; Kinetics; Pilot Projects; Perfusion Imaging; Perfusion; Coronary Circulation; Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
PubMed: 37652544
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.265659