-
Journal of Microbiology and... Apr 2024Isoamyl fatty acid esters (IAFEs) are widely used as fruity flavor compounds in the food industry. In this study, various IAFEs were synthesized from isoamyl alcohol and...
Isoamyl fatty acid esters (IAFEs) are widely used as fruity flavor compounds in the food industry. In this study, various IAFEs were synthesized from isoamyl alcohol and various fatty acids using a cutinase enzyme (Rcut) derived from Rhodococcus bacteria. Rcut was immobilized on methacrylate divinylbenzene beads and used to synthesize isoamyl acetate, butyrate, hexanoate, octanoate, and decanoate. Among them, Rcut synthesized isoamyl butyrate (IAB) most efficiently. Docking model studies showed that butyric acid was the most suitable substrate in terms of binding energy and distance from the active site serine (Ser114) γ-oxygen. Up to 250 mM of IAB was synthesized by adjusting reaction conditions such as substrate concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time. When the enzyme reaction was performed by reusing the immobilized enzyme, the enzyme activity was maintained at least six times. These results demonstrate that the immobilized Rcut enzyme can be used in the food industry to synthesize a variety of fruity flavor compounds, including IAB.
PubMed: 38754998
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2402.02033 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2024The present study demonstrated the digestion behavior and fermentation characteristics of a sulfated polysaccharide from (SFSP) in the simulated digestion tract...
The present study demonstrated the digestion behavior and fermentation characteristics of a sulfated polysaccharide from (SFSP) in the simulated digestion tract environment. The results showed that the molecular weight of two components in SFSP could not be changed by simulated digestion, and no free monosaccharide was produced. This indicates that most of SFSP can reach the colon as prototypes. During the fermentation with human intestinal flora , the higher-molecular-weight component of SFSP was utilized, the total sugar content decreased by 16%, the reducing sugar content increased, and the galactose content in monosaccharide composition decreased relatively. This indicates that SFSP can be selectively utilized by human intestinal flora. At the same time, SFSP also changed the structure of intestinal flora. Compared with the blank group, SFSP significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and decreased the abundance of Firmicutes. At the genus level, the abundances of and increased, while the abundances of , , and decreased. Moreover, the concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), acetic, propionic and n-butyric acids significantly increased compared to the blank group. SFSP could down-regulate the contents of trimethylamine, piperidone and secondary bile acid in fermentation broth. The contents of nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid and other organic acids were increased. Therefore, SFSP shows significant potential to regulate gut microbiota and promote human health.
PubMed: 38751743
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1400063 -
Acta Dermato-venereologica May 2024Pruritus in the elderly, particularly those cases without skin dryness or other identifiable causes, makes treatment challenging due to the lack of evidence regarding...
Pruritus in the elderly, particularly those cases without skin dryness or other identifiable causes, makes treatment challenging due to the lack of evidence regarding the therapeutic effects of antipruritics. This study proposes an age-related alloknesis mouse model for an evaluation system for such cases, and aimed to investigate the effectiveness and mechanisms of action of several drugs commonly used as antipruritics in Japan, utilizing this model. Mice 69-80 weeks old were used as aged mice, and the level of mechanical alloknesis was counted as the number of scratching behaviours in response to innocuous stimuli. Bepotastine, neurotropin, pregabalin, baricitinib, and abrocitinib were used as antipruritics, and yohimbine and methysergide as inhibitors of the descending inhibitory pathway. The findings suggest that mechanical alloknesis in aged mice is a suitable animal model for assessing pruritus in the elderly without xerosis, and pregabalin, neurotropin, baricitinib, and abrocitinib may be effective antipruritics in the elderly through activating both the noradrenergic and serotonergic descending inhibitory pathways. These findings may be useful for the selection of antipruritics for pruritus in the elderly without skin lesions or dryness.
Topics: Animals; Pruritus; Disease Models, Animal; Antipruritics; Chronic Disease; Behavior, Animal; Mice; Age Factors; Male; Sulfonamides; Pregabalin; Pyrazoles; Purines; Aging; Azetidines
PubMed: 38751178
DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v104.39950 -
Scientific Reports May 2024Nickel (Ni) is a heavy metal that adversely affects the growth of different crops by inducing oxidative stress and nutrient imbalance. The role of rhizobacteria (RB) is...
Nickel (Ni) is a heavy metal that adversely affects the growth of different crops by inducing oxidative stress and nutrient imbalance. The role of rhizobacteria (RB) is vital to resolve this issue. They can promote root growth and facilitate the uptake of water and nutrients, resulting in better crop growth. On the other hand, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can maintain the osmotic balance and scavenge the reactive oxygen species under stress conditions. However, the combined effect of GABA and RB has not been thoroughly explored to alleviate Ni toxicity, especially in fenugreek plants. Therefore, in the current pot study, four treatments, i.e., control, A. fabrum (RB), 0.40 mM GABA, and 0.40 mM GABA + RB, were applied under 0Ni and 80 mg Ni/kg soil (80Ni) stress. Results showed that RB + 0.40 mM GABA caused significant improvements in shoot length (~ 13%), shoot fresh weight (~ 47%), shoot dry weight (~ 47%), root length (~ 13%), root fresh weight (~ 60%), and root dry weight (~ 15%) over control under 80 Ni toxicity. A significant enhancement in total chlorophyll (~ 14%), photosynthetic rate (~ 17%), stomatal CO concentration (~ 19%), leaves and roots N (~ 10 and ~ 37%), P (~ 18 and ~ 7%) and K (~ 11 and ~ 30%) concentrations, while a decrease in Ni (~ 83 and ~ 49%) concentration also confirmed the effectiveness of RB + 0.40 mM GABA than control under 80Ni. In conclusion, fabrum + 0.40 mM GABA can potentially alleviate the Ni toxicity in fenugreek plants. The implications of these findings extend to agricultural practices, environmental remediation efforts, nutritional security, and ecological impact. Further research is recommended to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, assess long-term effects, and determine the practical feasibility of using A. fabrum + 0.40GABA to improve growth in different crops under Ni toxicity.
Topics: Trigonella; Nickel; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Plant Roots; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 38745058
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61894-7 -
Heliyon May 2024To explore the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota in patients with lung cancer accompanied by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (LC-COPD).
AIM
To explore the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota in patients with lung cancer accompanied by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (LC-COPD).
METHODS
The study cohort comprised 15 patients with LC-COPD, 49 patients with lung cancer, and 18 healthy control individuals. ELISA was used to detect inflammatory factors in venous blood. 16S rDNA sequencing was performed to determine the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces samples.
RESULTS
The α-diversity index indicated that the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota were lower in patients with LC-COPD compared with patients with lung cancer and controls. Principal component analysis revealed significant differences among the three groups ( < 0.05). The linear discriminant analysis effect size algorithm indicated that the o_, g_, f_ s_, c_ g_, s_, and s_ species were prevalent in patients with LC-COPD, while the g_ and g_ species were prevalent in patients with lung cancer. Furthermore, the concentrations of the SCFAs butyric acid, isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and valeric acid tended to be lower in patients with LC-COPD compared with patients with lung cancer and healthy controls, although these intergroup differences were not significant ( > 0.05). Patients with lung cancer had the lowest serum concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a. There were no intergroup differences in the concentrations of other inflammatory factors.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study indicated that the abundance and structure of the gut microbiota is altered, and the concentrations of SCFAs may be decreased in patients with LC-COPD. In addition, patients with lung cancer had the lowest serum concentration of TNF-a.
PubMed: 38737249
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30380 -
Journal of Nanobiotechnology May 2024Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is increasing in recent years due to intestinal flora imbalance, making oral probiotics a hotspot for research. However, numerous...
BACKGROUND
Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is increasing in recent years due to intestinal flora imbalance, making oral probiotics a hotspot for research. However, numerous studies related to intestinal flora regulation ignore its internal mechanisms without in-depth research.
RESULTS
Here, we developed a probiotic microgel delivery system (L.r@(SA-CS)) through the layer-by-layer encapsulation technology of alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS) to improve gut microbiota dysbiosis and enhance anti-tumor therapeutic effect. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by L.r have direct anti-tumor effects. Additionally, it reduces harmful bacteria such as Proteobacteria and Fusobacteriota, and through bacteria mutualophy increases beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroidota and Firmicutes which produce butyric acid. By binding to the G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) on the surface of colonic epithelial cells, butyric acid can induce apoptosis in abnormal cells. Due to the low expression of GPR109A in colon cancer cells, MK-6892 (MK) can be used to stimulate GPR109A. With increased production of butyrate, activated GPR109A is able to bind more butyrate, which further promotes apoptosis of cancer cells and triggers an antitumor response.
CONCLUSION
It appears that the oral administration of L.r@(SA-CS) microgels may provide a treatment option for CRC by modifying the gut microbiota.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Probiotics; Humans; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Animals; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Mice; Chitosan; Alginates; Apoptosis; Antineoplastic Agents; Administration, Oral; Colorectal Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Microgels; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Butyric Acid
PubMed: 38735933
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02506-4 -
Environmental Microbiology Reports Jun 2024Syntrophic interactions are key in anaerobic food chains, facilitating the conversion of complex organic matter into methane. A typical example involves acetogenic...
Syntrophic interactions are key in anaerobic food chains, facilitating the conversion of complex organic matter into methane. A typical example involves acetogenic bacteria converting fatty acids (e.g., butyrate and propionate), a process thermodynamically reliant on H consumption by microorganisms such as methanogens. While most studies focus on H-interspecies transfer between these groups, knowledge on acetate cross-feeding in anaerobic systems is lacking. This study investigated butyrate oxidation by co-cultures of Syntrophomonas wolfei and Methanospirillum hungatei, both with and without the addition of the acetate scavenger Methanothrix soehngenii. Growth and gene expression patterns of S. wolfei and M. hungatei were followed in the two conditions. Although butyrate consumption rates remained constant, genes in the butyrate degradation pathway of S. wolfei were less expressed in the presence of M. soehngenii, including genes involved in reverse electron transport. Higher expression of a type IV-pili operon in S. wolfei hints to the potential for direct interspecies electron transfer between S. wolfei and M. soehngenii and an energetically advantageous relationship between the two microorganisms. Overall, the presence of the acetate scavenger M. soehngenii positively influenced the energy metabolism of S. wolfei and highlighted the relevance of including acetate scavengers when investigating syntrophic fatty acid degradation.
Topics: Methanospirillum; Butyrates; Transcriptome; Anaerobiosis; Oxidation-Reduction; Acetates; Microbial Interactions; Methane; Coculture Techniques; Electron Transport
PubMed: 38733087
DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13276 -
Nutrients Apr 2024Adequate diet, physical activity, and dietary supplementation with muscle-targeted food for special medical purposes (FSMP) or dietary supplement (DS) are currently... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
A Patented Dietary Supplement (Hydroxy-Methyl-Butyrate, Carnosine, Magnesium, Butyrate, Lactoferrin) Is a Promising Therapeutic Target for Age-Related Sarcopenia through the Regulation of Gut Permeability: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Adequate diet, physical activity, and dietary supplementation with muscle-targeted food for special medical purposes (FSMP) or dietary supplement (DS) are currently considered fundamental pillars in sarcopenia treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a DS (containing hydroxy-methyl-butyrate, carnosine, and magnesium, for its action on muscle function and protein synthesis and butyrate and lactoferrin for their contribution to the regulation of gut permeability and antioxidant/anti-inflammation activity) on muscle mass (assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), muscle function (by handgrip test, chair test, short physical performance battery (SPPB) test, and walking speed test), inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), C-reactive protein (CRP), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT)) and gut axis (by zonulin). A total of 59 participants (age 79.7 ± 4.8 years, body mass index 20.99 ± 2.12 kg/m) were enrolled and randomly assigned to intervention ( = 30) or placebo ( = 28). The skeletal muscle index (SMI) significantly improved in the supplemented group compared to the placebo one, +1.02 (CI 95%: -0.77; 1.26), = 0.001; a significant reduction in VAT was observed in the intervention group, -70.91 g (-13.13; -4.70), = 0.036. Regarding muscle function, all the tests significantly improved ( = 0.001) in the supplemented group compared to the placebo one. CRP, zonulin, and TNF-alpha significantly decreased ( = 0.001) in intervention, compared to placebo, -0.74 mg/dL (CI 95%: -1.30; -0.18), -0.30 ng/mL (CI 95%: -0.37; -0.23), -6.45 pg/mL (CI 95%: -8.71; -4.18), respectively. This DS improves muscle mass and function, and the gut muscle has emerged as a new intervention target for sarcopenia.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Supplements; Male; Aged; Female; Sarcopenia; Carnosine; Lactoferrin; Magnesium; Muscle, Skeletal; Permeability; Aged, 80 and over; Valerates; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Butyrates; Double-Blind Method; Haptoglobins; C-Reactive Protein; Protein Precursors
PubMed: 38732615
DOI: 10.3390/nu16091369 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024HIV infection results in marked alterations in the gut microbiota (GM), such as the loss of microbial diversity and different taxonomic and metabolic profiles. Despite...
HIV infection results in marked alterations in the gut microbiota (GM), such as the loss of microbial diversity and different taxonomic and metabolic profiles. Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) partially ablating gastrointestinal alterations, the taxonomic profile after successful new ART has shown wide variations. Our objective was to determine the GM composition and functions in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) under ART in comparison to seronegative controls (SC). Fecal samples from 21 subjects (treated with integrase strand-transfer inhibitors, INSTIs) and 18 SC were included. We employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, coupled with PICRUSt2 and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantification by gas chromatography. The INSTI group showed a decreased α-diversity ( < 0.001) compared to the SC group, at the expense of increased amounts of (), , , and Gram-negative bacteria. Concurrently, we observed an enrichment in and , both SCFA-producing bacteria, and significant elevations in fecal butyrate in this group ( < 0.001). Interestingly, gut dysbiosis in PLWHIV was characterized by a proinflammatory environment orchestrated by and elevated levels of butyrate associated with bacterial metabolic pathways, as well as the evident presence of butyrogenic bacteria. The role of this unique GM in PLWHIV should be evaluated, as well as the use of butyrate-based supplements and ART regimens that contain succinate, such as tenofovir disoproxil succinate. This mixed profile is described for the first time in PLWHIV from Mexico.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; HIV Infections; Mexico; Female; Male; Adult; Middle Aged; Feces; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Dysbiosis; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Bacteria; Butyrates
PubMed: 38732048
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094830 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024The effect of dietary supplementation with sodium butyrate, β-glucan and vitamins (A, D3, E, K, C) on breeding indicators and immune parameters of juvenile African...
Synergistic Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Sodium Butyrate, β-Glucan and Vitamins on Growth Performance, Cortisol Level, Intestinal Microbiome and Expression of Immune-Related Genes in Juvenile African Catfish ().
The effect of dietary supplementation with sodium butyrate, β-glucan and vitamins (A, D3, E, K, C) on breeding indicators and immune parameters of juvenile African catfish was examined. The fish were fed with unenriched (group C) and enriched feed with a variable proportion of sodium butyrate/β-glucan, and constant content of vitamins (W1-W3). After the experiment, blood and the middle gut were collected. The microbiome of the gut was determined using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Liver tissue was collected for determination of expression of immune-related genes (HSP70, IL-1β, TNFα). W2 and W3 were characterized by the most favorable values of breeding indicators ( < 0.05). The highest blood cortisol concentration was in group C (71.25 ± 10.45 ng/mL), and significantly the lowest in W1 (46.03 ± 7.01 ng/ mL) ( < 0.05). The dominance of was observed in all study groups, with the largest share in W3 (65.25%) and W1 (61.44%). Gene expression showed an increased number of HSP70 genes in W1. IL-1β and TNFα genes peaked at W3. The W3 variant turns out to be the most beneficial supplementation, due to the improvement of breeding and immunological parameters. The data obtained can be used to create a preparation for commercial use in the breeding of this species.
Topics: Animals; beta-Glucans; Dietary Supplements; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Butyric Acid; Catfishes; Hydrocortisone; Vitamins; Animal Feed; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Interleukin-1beta
PubMed: 38731838
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094619