-
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023Calcium phosphate is the main inorganic component of bone. Calcium phosphate-based biomaterials have demonstrated great potential in bone tissue engineering due to their... (Review)
Review
Calcium phosphate is the main inorganic component of bone. Calcium phosphate-based biomaterials have demonstrated great potential in bone tissue engineering due to their superior biocompatibility, pH-responsive degradability, excellent osteoinductivity, and similar components to bone. Calcium phosphate nanomaterials have gained more and more attention for their enhanced bioactivity and better integration with host tissues. Additionally, they can also be easily functionalized with metal ions, bioactive molecules/proteins, as well as therapeutic drugs; thus, calcium phosphate-based biomaterials have been widely used in many other fields, such as drug delivery, cancer therapy, and as nanoprobes in bioimaging. Thus, the preparation methods of calcium phosphate nanomaterials were systematically reviewed, and the multifunction strategies of calcium phosphate-based biomaterials have also been comprehensively summarized. Finally, the applications and perspectives of functionalized calcium phosphate biomaterials in bone tissue engineering, including bone defect repair, bone regeneration, and drug delivery, were illustrated and discussed by presenting typical examples.
Topics: Tissue Engineering; Bone and Bones; Biocompatible Materials; Calcium Phosphates
PubMed: 37375345
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124790 -
Advances in Colloid and Interface... May 2020Calcium phosphate is the inorganic mineral of hard tissues such as bone and teeth. Due to their similarities to the natural bone, calcium phosphates are highly... (Review)
Review
Calcium phosphate is the inorganic mineral of hard tissues such as bone and teeth. Due to their similarities to the natural bone, calcium phosphates are highly biocompatible and biodegradable materials that have found numerous applications in dental and orthopedic implants and bone tissue engineering. In the form of nanoparticles, calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP's) can also be used as effective delivery vehicles to transfer therapeutic agents such as nucleic acids, drugs, proteins and enzymes into tumor cells. In addition, facile preparation and functionalization of CaP's, together with their inherent properties such as pH-dependent solubility provide advantages in delivery and release of these bioactive agents using CaP's as nanocarriers. In this review, the challenges and achievements in the intracellular delivery of these agents to tumor cells are discussed. Also, the most important issues in the design and potential applications of CaP-based biominerals are addressed with more focus on their biodegradability in tumor microenvironment.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Calcium Phosphates; Drug Carriers; Humans; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Tissue Engineering; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 32330734
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102157 -
Acta Biomaterialia Mar 2017Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) have seen clinical success in many dental and orthopaedic applications in recent years. The properties of CPC essential for clinical... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) have seen clinical success in many dental and orthopaedic applications in recent years. The properties of CPC essential for clinical success are reviewed in this article, which includes properties of the set cement (e.g. bioresorbability, biocompatibility, porosity and mechanical properties) and unset cement (e.g. setting time, cohesion, flow properties and ease of delivery to the surgical site). Emphasis is on the delivery of calcium phosphate (CaP) pastes and CPC, in particular the occurrence of separation of the liquid and solid components of the pastes and cements during injection; and established methods to reduce this phase separation. In addition a review of phase separation mechanisms observed during the extrusion of other biphasic paste systems and the theoretical models used to describe these mechanisms are discussed.
STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
Occurrence of phase separation of calcium phosphate pastes and cements during injection limits their full exploitation as a bone substitute in minimally invasive surgical applications. Due to lack of theoretical understanding of the phase separation mechanism(s), optimisation of an injectable CPC that satisfies clinical requirements has proven difficult. However, phase separation of pastes during delivery has been the focus across several research fields. Therefore in addition to a review of methods to reduce phase separation of CPC and the associated constraints, a review of phase separation mechanisms observed during extrusion of other pastes and the theoretical models used to describe these mechanisms is presented. It is anticipated this review will benefit future attempts to develop injectable calcium phosphate based systems.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Cements; Calcium Phosphates; Dental Cements; Humans; Porosity
PubMed: 27838464
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.019 -
Current Opinion in Nephrology and... Jul 2023Calciprotein particles (CPP) are colloidal mineral-protein complexes mainly composed of solid-phase calcium phosphate and serum protein fetuin-A. CPP appear in the blood... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Calciprotein particles (CPP) are colloidal mineral-protein complexes mainly composed of solid-phase calcium phosphate and serum protein fetuin-A. CPP appear in the blood and renal tubular fluid after phosphate intake, playing critical roles in (patho)physiology of mineral metabolism and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review aims at providing an update of current knowledge on CPP.
RECENT FINDINGS
CPP formation is regarded as a defense mechanism against unwanted growth of calcium phosphate crystals in the blood and urine. CPP are polydisperse colloids and classified based on the density and crystallinity of calcium phosphate. Low-density CPP containing amorphous (noncrystalline) calcium phosphate function as an inducer of FGF23 expression in osteoblasts and a carrier of calcium phosphate to the bone. However, once transformed to high-density CPP containing crystalline calcium phosphate, CPP become cytotoxic and inflammogenic, inducing cell death in renal tubular cells, calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells, and innate immune responses in macrophages.
SUMMARY
CPP potentially behave like a pathogen that causes renal tubular damage, chronic inflammation, and vascular calcification. CPP have emerged as a promising therapeutic target for CKD and cardiovascular complications.
Topics: Humans; alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein; Calcium Phosphates; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Vascular Calcification; Minerals; Phosphates; Calcium
PubMed: 37074676
DOI: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000890 -
Cartilage Oct 2019This study aimed to compile available data in medical literature about subchondral calcium phosphate injection, comparing results obtained with this technique, as well... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
This study aimed to compile available data in medical literature about subchondral calcium phosphate injection, comparing results obtained with this technique, as well as indications, complications, and other important factors in treatment of bone marrow lesions.
DESIGNS
A literature review using PubMed and Medline database in order to identify works with terms "subchondral calcium phosphate injection," " subchondroplasty®," "bone marrow lesion," and "knee." Eight relevant articles were found.
RESULTS
A total of 164 patients with bone marrow lesion mainly on femoral condyle and tibial plateau recovered with significant functional improvement of knee after subchondral calcium phosphate treatment. Although 25% of them still had some type of pain complaint, they also showed improvement. There were few complications reported and return to activities occurred after 3 months on average.
CONCLUSIONS
Few studies evaluate the result of using subchondral calcium phosphate injection technique. However, all presented favorable results regarding pain and improvement of knee function. In addition, within 2 years, there was a 70% reduction in conversion to total knee arthroplasty in patients with previous surgical indication who choose calcium phosphate treatment.
Topics: Bone Marrow Diseases; Bone Substitutes; Calcium Phosphates; Humans; Injections, Intra-Articular; Knee Injuries; Knee Joint; Recovery of Function
PubMed: 29667853
DOI: 10.1177/1947603518770249 -
The Chinese Journal of Dental Research 2014Casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is a bioactive agent with a base of milk products, which has been formulated from two parts: casein... (Review)
Review
Casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is a bioactive agent with a base of milk products, which has been formulated from two parts: casein phosphopeptides (CPP) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). CPP was produced from milk protein casein and has a remarkable ability to stabilize calcium phosphate in solution and to substantially increase the level of calcium phosphate in dental plaque. CPP-ACP buffers the free calcium and phosphate ion activities, thereby helping to maintain a state of supersaturation with respect to tooth enamel, reducing demineralisation and promoting remineralisation. The free calcium and phosphate ions move out of the CPP, enter the enamel rods and reform onto apatite crystals. Laboratory, animal and human studies have shown that CPP-ACP inhibits cariogenic activity. CPP-ACP is useful in the treatment of white spot lesions, hypomineralised enamel, mild fluorosis, tooth sensitivity and erosion, and prevents plaque accumulation around brackets and other orthodontic appliances. CPP-ACP also facilitates a normal post-eruptive maturation process and is ideal for protecting primary teeth at a time when oral care is difficult. CPP-ACP has commercial potential as an additive to foods, soft drinks and chewing gum, as well as additive to toothpastes and mouthwashes to control dental caries.
Topics: Calcium Phosphates; Cariostatic Agents; Caseins; Dental Enamel; Dental Plaque; Humans; Protective Agents; Tooth Remineralization; Tooth, Deciduous
PubMed: 25028684
DOI: No ID Found -
Kidney360 Aug 2023The occurrence of calcium phosphate stones has increased over the past five decades, and this is most notable in female stone formers. High urine pH and hypocitraturia...
KEY POINTS
The occurrence of calcium phosphate stones has increased over the past five decades, and this is most notable in female stone formers. High urine pH and hypocitraturia are the most discriminatory urine parameters between calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate stone formers. High urine pH in calcium phosphate stone formers is independent of the effect of dietary alkali and acid.
BACKGROUND
Urinary parameters, including urine pH and citrate, are recognized as critical in the pathophysiology of calcium-based stones. The factors contributing to variation in these parameters between calcium oxalate (CaOx) and calcium phosphate (CaP) stone formers (SFs) are, however, not well-understood. In this study, using readily available laboratory data, we explore these differences to delineate the odds of forming CaP versus CaOx stones.
METHODS
In this single-center retrospective study, we compared serum and urinary parameters between adult CaP SFs, CaOx SFs, and non–stone formers.
RESULTS
Urine pH was higher and urine citrate lower in CaP SFs compared with same-sex CaOx SFs and non–stone formers. In CaP SFs, higher urine pH and lower citrate were independent of markers of dietary acid intake and gastrointestinal alkali absorption, suggesting abnormal renal citrate handling and urinary alkali excretion. In a multivariable model, urine pH and urine citrate were most discriminatory between CaP SFs and CaOx SFs (receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.73 and 0.65, respectively). An increase in urine pH by 0.35, a decrease in urine citrate by 220 mg/d, a doubling of urine calcium, and female sex all independently doubled the risk of CaP stone formation compared with CaOx stones.
CONCLUSIONS
High urine pH and hypocitraturia are two clinical parameters that distinguish the urine phenotype of CaP SFs from CaOx SFs. Alkalinuria is due to intrinsic differences in the kidney independent of intestinal alkali absorption and is accentuated in the female sex.
Topics: Citric Acid; Phosphates; Citrates; Calcium Phosphates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 37307531
DOI: 10.34067/KID.0000000000000184 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019A wide variety of biomaterials have been developed as both stabilizing structures for the injured bone and inducers of bone neoformation. They differ in chemical... (Review)
Review
A wide variety of biomaterials have been developed as both stabilizing structures for the injured bone and inducers of bone neoformation. They differ in chemical composition, shape, porosity, and mechanical properties. The most extensively employed and studied subset of bioceramics are calcium phosphate materials (CaPs). These materials, when transplanted alongside mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), lead to ectopic (intramuscular and subcutaneous) and orthotopic bone formation in preclinical studies, and effective fracture healing in clinical trials. Human MSC transplantation in pre-clinical and clinical trials reveals very low engraftment in spite of successful clinical outcomes and their therapeutic actions are thought to be primarily through paracrine mechanisms. The beneficial role of transplanted MSC could rely on their strong immunomodulatory effect since, even without long-term engraftment, they have the ability to alter both the innate and adaptive immune response which is critical to facilitate new bone formation. This study presents the current knowledge of the immune response to the implantation of CaP biomaterials alone or in combination with MSC. In particular the central role of monocyte-derived cells, both macrophages and osteoclasts, in MSC-CaP mediated bone formation is emphasized. Biomaterial properties, such as macroporosity and surface microstructure, dictate the host response, and the ultimate bone healing cascade. Understanding intercellular communications throughout the inflammation, its resolution and the bone regeneration phase, is crucial to improve the current therapeutic strategies or develop new approaches.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Bone Regeneration; Calcium Phosphates; Humans; Immunomodulation; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 31001270
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00663 -
Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and... 2022
Topics: Calcium; Calcium Phosphates; Endocrine System Diseases; Humans; Hypoparathyroidism; Phosphates
PubMed: 35942825
DOI: 10.5114/pedm.2022.118314 -
Journal of Materials Science. Materials... Apr 2022Calcium phosphates are key biomaterials in dental treatment and bone regeneration. Biomaterials must exhibit antibacterial properties to prevent microbial infection in...
Calcium phosphates are key biomaterials in dental treatment and bone regeneration. Biomaterials must exhibit antibacterial properties to prevent microbial infection in implantation frameworks. Previously, we developed various types of calcium phosphate powders (amorphous calcium phosphate, octacalcium phosphate (OCP), dicalcium phosphate anhydrate, and hydroxyapatite) with adsorbed protamine (which is a protein with antibacterial property) and confirmed their antibacterial property. In this study, as foundational research for the development of novel oral care materials, we synthesized calcium phosphate composite powders from three starting materials: i) OCP, which intercalates organic compounds, ii) protamine, which has antibacterial properties, and iii) F ion, which promotes the formation of apatite crystals. Through investigating the preparation concentration of the F ions and their loading into OCP, it was found that more F ion could be loaded at higher concentrations regardless of the loading method. It was also observed that the higher the preparation concentration, the more the OCP converted to fluorapatite. The synthesized calcium phosphate composite powders were evaluated for biocompatibility through proliferation of MG-63 cells, with none of the powders exhibiting any growth inhibition. Antimicrobial tests showed that the calcium phosphate composite powders synthesized with protamine and F ion by precipitation had enhanced antimicrobial properties than those synthesized by protamine adsorption. Thus, the calcium phosphate composite powder prepared from OCP, protamine, and F ion forms the basis for promising antimicrobial biomaterials. Graphical abstract.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Calcium Phosphates; Fluorides; Powders; Protamines
PubMed: 35362837
DOI: 10.1007/s10856-022-06656-5