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The British Journal of Nutrition Aug 2012Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop grown and consumed all over the world, especially in the Afro-Asian countries. It is a good source of... (Review)
Review
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop grown and consumed all over the world, especially in the Afro-Asian countries. It is a good source of carbohydrates and protein, and protein quality is considered to be better than other pulses. Chickpea has significant amounts of all the essential amino acids except sulphur-containing amino acids, which can be complemented by adding cereals to the daily diet. Starch is the major storage carbohydrate followed by dietary fibre, oligosaccharides and simple sugars such as glucose and sucrose. Although lipids are present in low amounts, chickpea is rich in nutritionally important unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and oleic acids. β-Sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol are important sterols present in chickpea oil. Ca, Mg, P and, especially, K are also present in chickpea seeds. Chickpea is a good source of important vitamins such as riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, folate and the vitamin A precursor β-carotene. As with other pulses, chickpea seeds also contain anti-nutritional factors which can be reduced or eliminated by different cooking techniques. Chickpea has several potential health benefits, and, in combination with other pulses and cereals, it could have beneficial effects on some of the important human diseases such as CVD, type 2 diabetes, digestive diseases and some cancers. Overall, chickpea is an important pulse crop with a diverse array of potential nutritional and health benefits.
Topics: Amino Acids, Essential; Cicer; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Fatty Acids; Flavonoids; Health Promotion; Humans; Minerals; Nutritive Value; Seeds; Vitamins
PubMed: 22916806
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512000797 -
Journal of Taibah University Medical... Jun 2023Phytosterols obtained from medicinal plants are well known for their anti-diabetic, anti-cardiovascular, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. (a member of the...
OBJECTIVES
Phytosterols obtained from medicinal plants are well known for their anti-diabetic, anti-cardiovascular, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. (a member of the Loganiaceae family) grows in several African nations and is frequently used for medicinal purposes.
METHODS
The chromatographic separation of (root bark) ethyl acetate extract resulted in the isolation of campesterol () and β-sitosterol ().
RESULTS
The structures of and were confirmed by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR), and literature data. This is a novel report of campesterol and β-sitosterol from . Docking studies revealed that the binding affinities of with the binding sites of pyruvate carboxylase (PDB: 3HO8) and virulence factor regulator (PDB: 2OZ6) were -7.8 and -7.9 kcal/mol, respectively. Furthermore, had binding affinities of -7.6 and -7.7 kcal/mol with binding sites of , respectively, whereas ciprofloxacin (a standard drug) had binding affinities of -6.6 and -8.7 kcal/mol.
CONCLUSION
This study indicated that root bark is rich in campesterol and β-sitosterol. molecular docking demonstrated that the compounds interact well with the binding sites of and .
PubMed: 36818166
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.12.003 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022Increased cholesterol absorption and reduced synthesis are processes that have been associated with cardiovascular disease risk in a controversial way. However, most of...
BACKGROUND
Increased cholesterol absorption and reduced synthesis are processes that have been associated with cardiovascular disease risk in a controversial way. However, most of the studies involving markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption include conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, which can be confounding factors. The present study aimed at investigating the relationships of plasma cholesterol synthesis and absorption markers with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, cIMT (carotid intima-media thickness), and the presence of carotid plaques in asymptomatic subjects.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was carried out in 270 asymptomatic individuals and anthropometrical parameters, fasting plasma lipids, glucometabolic profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), markers of cholesterol synthesis (desmosterol and lathosterol), absorption (campesterol and sitosterol), cIMT, and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques were analyzed.
RESULTS
Among the selected subjects aged between 19 and 75 years, 51% were females. Age, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, non-HDL-C, triglycerides, glucose, and lathosterol/sitosterol ratios correlated positively with cIMT ( ≤ 0.05). Atherosclerotic plaques were present in 19% of the subjects. A direct association of carotid plaques with campesterol, OR = 1.71 (95% CI = 1.04-2.82, ≤ 0.05) and inverse associations with both ratios lathosterol/campesterol, OR = 0.29 (CI = 0.11-0.80, ≤ 0.05) and lathosterol/sitosterol, OR = 0.45 (CI = 0.22-0.95, ≤ 0.05) were observed in univariate logistic regression analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggested that campesterol may be associated with atherosclerotic plaques and the lathosterol/campesterol or sitosterol ratios suggested an inverse association. Furthermore, synthesis and absorption of cholesterol are inverse processes, and the absorption marker, campesterol, may reflect changes in body cholesterol homeostasis with atherogenic potential.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cholesterol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Desmosterol; Female; Glucose; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phytosterols; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Sitosterols; Triglycerides; Young Adult
PubMed: 36233298
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911997 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Jul 2020Plants consist of triterpenoids such as phytosterols (PT) (CHO) with steroidal nuclei, including sitosterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol and campesterol. They are... (Review)
Review
Plants consist of triterpenoids such as phytosterols (PT) (CHO) with steroidal nuclei, including sitosterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol and campesterol. They are hydrophobic but soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents and are isolated from industrial waste deodorizer distillates of various edible oil industries. They exist as free PT or their ester derivatives in soybean, rice, wheat, oat, cottonseed and corn fiber, and other cereals and grains. Conventional isolation techniques such as solvent extraction, distillation, evaporative fractionation, saponification and chemical esterification are employed for isolation and purification of PT. The present article reviews the various advanced separation techniques like solvent crystallization, supercritical fluid extraction, high speed counter-current chromatography and enzymatic process as strategic methods to isolate and purify sterols.
PubMed: 32549589
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04209-3 -
Human Genomics Feb 2024The causal relationships between plasma metabolites and cholelithiasis/cholecystitis risks remain elusive. Using two-sample Mendelian randomization, we found that...
The causal relationships between plasma metabolites and cholelithiasis/cholecystitis risks remain elusive. Using two-sample Mendelian randomization, we found that genetic proxied plasma campesterol level showed negative correlation with the risk of both cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. Furthermore, the increased risk of cholelithiasis is correlating with the increased level of plasma campesterol. Lastly, genetic colocalization study showed that the leading SNP, rs4299376, which residing at the ABCG5/ABCG8 gene loci, was shared by plasma campesterol level and cholelithiasis, indicating that the aberrant transportation of plant sterol/cholesterol from the blood stream to the bile duct/gut lumen might be the key in preventing cholesterol gallstone formation.
Topics: Humans; Lipoproteins; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 8; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 5; Phytosterols; Cholesterol; Cholecystitis; Gallstones
PubMed: 38347599
DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00583-y -
Nutrients May 2022Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now recognized as the most common cause of chronic liver disease with an increasing prevalence in both adults and children. Although... (Review)
Review
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now recognized as the most common cause of chronic liver disease with an increasing prevalence in both adults and children. Although the symptoms are absent or poorly expressed in most cases, some patients may progress to end-stage liver disease. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is known to be multifactorial. Current therapeutic recommendations focus on lifestyle changes in order to reduce the incidence of risk factors and drugs targeting major molecular pathways potentially involved in the development of this disease. Given that a pharmacological treatment, completely safe and effective, is not currently known in recent years more research has been done on the effects that some bio-active natural compounds, derived from plants, have in preventing the onset and progression of NAFLD. Numerous studies, in animals and humans, have shown that phytosterols (PSs) play an important role in this pathology. Phytosterols are natural products that are found naturally in plant. More than 250 phytosterols have been identified, but the most common in the diet are stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol. Consumption of dietary PSs can reduce serum cholesterol levels. Due to these properties, most studies have focused on their action on lipid metabolism and the evolution of NAFLD. PSs may reduce steatosis, cytotoxicity oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the importance of dietary phytosterols, which are a window of opportunity in the therapeutic management of NAFLD.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Phytosterols; Stigmasterol
PubMed: 35683987
DOI: 10.3390/nu14112187 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022The lentil ( L.) is one of the most important legumes (family, Fabaceae). It is a natural functional food rich in many bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, saponins... (Review)
Review
The lentil ( L.) is one of the most important legumes (family, Fabaceae). It is a natural functional food rich in many bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, saponins and phytosterols. Several studies have demonstrated that the consumption of lentils is potentially important in reducing the incidence of a number of chronic diseases, due to their bioactive compounds. The most common polyphenols in lentils include phenolic acids, flavan-3-ol, flavonols, anthocyanidins, proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins, and anthocyanins, which play an important role in the prevention of several degenerative diseases in humans, due to their antioxidant activity. Furthermore, lentil polyphenols are reported to have antidiabetic, cardioprotective and anticancer activities. Lentil saponins are triterpene glycosides, mainly soyasaponins I and βg. These saponins have a plasma cholesterol-lowering effect in humans and are important in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Moreover, high levels of phytosterols have been reported in lentils, especially in the seed coat, and β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol are the most abundant. Beyond their hypocholesterolemic effect, phytosterols in lentils are known for their anti-inflammatory activity. In this review, the current information on the nutritional composition, bioactive compounds including polyphenols, saponins and phytosterols, and their associated health-promoting effects are discussed.
PubMed: 36297337
DOI: 10.3390/ph15101225 -
Journal of Atherosclerosis and... Jul 2023Risk of cardiovascular disease is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Cholesterol metabolism (hepatic synthesis and intestinal absorption) is known to be...
AIM
Risk of cardiovascular disease is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Cholesterol metabolism (hepatic synthesis and intestinal absorption) is known to be associated with cardiovascular risk. Next, we examined the association of DM with cholesterol absorption/synthesis.
METHODS
The CACHE Consortium, which is comprised of 13 research groups in Japan possessing data of lathosterol (Latho, synthesis marker) and campesterol (Campe, absorption marker) measured by gas chromatography, compiled the clinical data using the REDCap system. Among the 3597 records, data from 2944 individuals were used for several analyses including this study.
RESULTS
This study analyzed data from eligible 2182 individuals including 830 patients with DM; 42.2% were female, median age was 59 years, and median HbA1c of patients with DM was 7.0%. There was no difference in Latho between DM and non-DM individuals. Campe and Campe/Latho ratio were significantly lower in DM individuals than in non-DM individuals. When the associations of glycemic control markers with these markers were analyzed with multivariable-adjusted regression model using restricted cubic splines, Campe and Campe/Latho ratio showed inverse associations with glucose levels and HbA1c. However, Latho showed an inverted U-shaped association with plasma glucose, whereas Latho showed a U-shaped association with HbA1c. These associations remained even after excluding statin and/or ezetimibe users.
CONCLUSION
We demonstrated that DM and hyperglycemia were independent factors for lower cholesterol absorption marker levels regardless of statin/ezetimibe use.
Topics: Humans; Female; Middle Aged; Male; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; Glycated Hemoglobin; Cholesterol; Phytosterols; Ezetimibe; Diabetes Mellitus; Biomarkers
PubMed: 36171088
DOI: 10.5551/jat.63725 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021Phytosterols, which are present in a variety of foods, exhibit various physiological functions and do not have any side effects. Here, we attempted to identify...
Phytosterols, which are present in a variety of foods, exhibit various physiological functions and do not have any side effects. Here, we attempted to identify functional role of campesterol in regulation of oxidative stress by leading to cell death of ovarian cancer. We investigated the effects of campesterol on cancer cell aggregation using a three-dimensional (3D) culture of human ovarian cancer cells. The effects of campesterol on apoptosis, protein expression, proliferation, the cell cycle, and the migration of these cells were determined to unravel the underlying mechanism. We also investigated whether campesterol regulates mitochondrial function, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and calcium concentrations. Our results show that campesterol activates cell death signals and cell death in human ovarian cancer cells. Excessive calcium levels and ROS production were induced by campesterol in the two selected ovarian cancer cell lines. Moreover, campesterol suppressed cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell aggregation in ovarian cancer cells. Campesterol also enhanced the anticancer effects of conventional anticancer agents. The present study shows that campesterol can be used as a novel anticancer drug for human ovarian cancer.
PubMed: 33802602
DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030379