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International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2021Even though several plants can improve the female reproductive function, the use of herbs, herbal preparations, or essential oils during pregnancy is questionable. This... (Review)
Review
Even though several plants can improve the female reproductive function, the use of herbs, herbal preparations, or essential oils during pregnancy is questionable. This review is focused on the effects of some essential oils and their constituents on the female reproductive system during pregnancy and on the development of the fetus. The major concerns include causing abortion, reproductive hormone modulation, maternal toxicity, teratogenicity, and embryo-fetotoxicity. This work summarizes the important studies on the reproductive effects of essential oil constituents anethole, apiole, citral, camphor, thymoquinone, -sabinyl acetate, methyl salicylate, thujone, pulegone, β-elemene, β-eudesmol, and costus lactone, among others.
Topics: Animals; Bicyclic Monoterpenes; Camphor; Female; Genitalia, Female; Humans; Oils, Volatile; Pregnancy; Terpenes
PubMed: 33673548
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052380 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022A set of heterocyclic products was synthesized from natural (+)-camphor and semi-synthetic (-)-camphor. Then, 2-Imino-4-thiazolidinones and 2,3-dihydrothiazoles were...
A set of heterocyclic products was synthesized from natural (+)-camphor and semi-synthetic (-)-camphor. Then, 2-Imino-4-thiazolidinones and 2,3-dihydrothiazoles were obtained using a three-step procedure. For the synthesized compounds, their antiviral activity against the vaccinia virus and Marburg virus was studied. New promising agents active against both viruses were found among the tested compounds.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Camphor; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thiazoles
PubMed: 35897931
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154761 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021represents one of the most common fungal pathogens. Due to its increasing incidence and the poor efficacy of available antifungals, finding novel antifungal molecules...
represents one of the most common fungal pathogens. Due to its increasing incidence and the poor efficacy of available antifungals, finding novel antifungal molecules is of great importance. Camphor and eucalyptol are bioactive terpenoid plant constituents and their antifungal properties have been explored previously. In this study, we examined their ability to inhibit the growth of different species in suspension and biofilm, to block hyphal transition along with their impact on genes encoding for efflux pumps ( and ), ergosterol biosynthesis (), and cytotoxicity to primary liver cells. Camphor showed excellent antifungal activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.125-0.35 mg/mL while eucalyptol was active in the range of 2-23 mg/mL. The results showed camphor's potential to reduce fungal virulence traits, that is, biofilm establishment and hyphae formation. On the other hand, camphor and eucalyptol treatments upregulated was positively regulated after eucalyptol application while camphor downregulated it. Neither had an impact on expression. The beneficial antifungal activities of camphor were achieved with an amount that was non-toxic to porcine liver cells, making it a promising antifungal compound for future development. The antifungal concentration of eucalyptol caused cytotoxic effects and increased expression of efflux pump genes, which suggests that it is an unsuitable antifungal candidate.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Biofilms; Camphor; Candida albicans; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Eucalyptol; Fungal Proteins; Liver; Membrane Transport Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Reactive Oxygen Species; Swine; Virulence
PubMed: 33418931
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020483 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022Control of fungal phytopathogens affecting crops and woodlands is an important goal in environmental management and the maintenance of food security. This work describes...
Control of fungal phytopathogens affecting crops and woodlands is an important goal in environmental management and the maintenance of food security. This work describes the synthesis of 37 camphor derivatives, of which 27 were new compounds. Their antifungal effects on six fungi were evaluated in vitro. Compounds , and showed strong antifungal activity against , with EC values of 0.43, 6.80 and 4.86 mg/L, respectively, which were better than that of tricyclazole (EC 118.20 mg/L) and close to or better than that of carbendazim (EC 1.20 mg/L). The most potent compound, , exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity towards six fungi with EC values within the range of 0.43-40.18 mg/L. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that compounds , and gave irregular growth and shriveling of the mycelia. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation revealed that the tested camphor derivatives had mild or no cytotoxicity for LO and HEK293T cell lines. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis revealed that the number of F atoms, relative molecular weight, the atomic orbital electronic population and total charge on the positively charged surfaces of the molecules of camphor derivatives have effects on antifungal activity. The present study may provide a theoretical basis for a high-value use of camphor and could be helpful for the development of novel potential antifungals.
PubMed: 35893130
DOI: 10.3390/jof8080762 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022The Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is a serious pest of economically important Solanaceae species. The use of essential oil compounds in pest management has been proposed...
The Colorado potato beetle (CPB) is a serious pest of economically important Solanaceae species. The use of essential oil compounds in pest management has been proposed as an alternative to harmful chemical insecticides that disturb human health and ecosystem functioning. We examined the antifeedant activity of three concentrations (0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5%) of pure camphor and a thujone-camphor mixture against 3rd instar larvae and adults. Their efficacy was evaluated according to the degree of leaf damage and avoidance of treated leaves by the CPB. Treatment of potato leaves significantly reduced leaf damage compared to the control. Leaf protection increased at higher concentrations of the examined compounds. Camphor was more effective against larvae and the thujone-camphor mixture was more effective against adults. Additionally, adults moved faster towards the control leaf disc in the two-choice olfactometer assay if an alternative disc was treated with a thujone-camphor mixture, whereas larvae responded similarly to the two potential repellents. However, after contact with the leaf disc treated with the highest compound concentration, the larvae escaped faster from the thujone-camphor mixture than from pure camphor. In conclusion, both examined compounds are promising eco-friendly antifeedants, but their efficacy depends on the developmental stage of the beetle, compound type and applied concentration.
PubMed: 36559699
DOI: 10.3390/plants11243587 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2022Camphor tree () is an ornamental plant that has been cultivated for a long time to obtain wood or camphor. Furthermore, its essential oil can be used as an alternative... (Review)
Review
Camphor tree () is an ornamental plant that has been cultivated for a long time to obtain wood or camphor. Furthermore, its essential oil can be used as an alternative medicine and is an important source of perfume. Camphor obtained from camphor trees has long been used as a treatment for various symptoms such as inflammation, infection, congestion, muscle pain, and irritation in various regions. The purpose of this literature review is to provide knowledge of the well-established, wide, and extensive applications of camphor both in traditional and modern applications. Despite many studies focused on the essential oil of the camphor tree, there is a lack of systematic studies of its extraction or separation. Besides, various components of camphor are not fully understood, and further research is needed on the medicinal effects of individual components of . The genus has crucial economic value and theoretical significance. However, further systematic reviews and investigative studies based on existing research are needed to promote the modernization process of traditional applications of camphor. For proper use of the essential oil of , it is imperative to consider its possible effects on humans and the environment.
Topics: Camphor; Cinnamomum camphora; Humans; Oils, Volatile; Perfume; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 35566046
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092695 -
ACS Omega Oct 2022In this present study, , , and essential oils and their main compounds linalool and camphor were evaluated for lipoxygenase enzyme (LOX) and for angiotensin converting...
In this present study, , , and essential oils and their main compounds linalool and camphor were evaluated for lipoxygenase enzyme (LOX) and for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibition potential. The chemical compositions of , , and essential oils were confirmed both by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, where 22.4, 0.9, and 30.6% linalool and 17.8, 54.7, and 15% camphor were identified for each oil among other components, respectively. Enzyme inhibitory activity studies were performed at 20 μg/mL for the tested essential oils, whereas for linalool and camphor concentrations, 5 μg/mL was used. The ACE2 inhibitions of , , and essential oils were 25.4, 34.1, and 27.1%, while the LOX inhibitions were observed as 79, 49.1, and 86.7%, respectively. In addition, linalool and camphor showed remarkable ACE2 inhibition with 77.1 and 85.1%, whereas the LOX inhibition was observed at 92 and 67.2%, respectively. In conclusion of the initial findings, further detailed studies are needed to confirm the safe use.
PubMed: 36278093
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04518 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2013The fragrant camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) and its products, such as camphor oil, have been coveted since ancient times. Having a rich history of traditional use,... (Review)
Review
The fragrant camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) and its products, such as camphor oil, have been coveted since ancient times. Having a rich history of traditional use, it was particularly used as a fumigant during the era of the Black Death and considered as a valuable ingredient in both perfume and embalming fluid. Camphor has been widely used as a fragrance in cosmetics, as a food flavourant, as a common ingredient in household cleaners, as well as in topically applied analgesics and rubefacients for the treatment of minor muscle aches and pains. Camphor, traditionally obtained through the distillation of the wood of the camphor tree, is a major essential oil component of many aromatic plant species, as it is biosynthetically synthesised; it can also be chemically synthesised using mainly turpentine as a starting material. Camphor exhibits a number of biological properties such as insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticoccidial, anti-nociceptive, anticancer and antitussive activities, in addition to its use as a skin penetration enhancer. However, camphor is a very toxic substance and numerous cases of camphor poisoning have been documented. This review briefly summarises the uses and synthesis of camphor and discusses the biological properties and toxicity of this valuable molecule.
Topics: Camphor; Cinnamomum camphora; Egypt; Fumigation; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; Oils, Volatile; Perfume; Plague
PubMed: 23666009
DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055434 -
IBRO Neuroscience Reports Dec 2022Camphor is a popular compound for therapeutic and cosmetic use with a distinctive odour, and somatosensory warming and cooling properties. The mechanisms for its action...
INTRODUCTION
Camphor is a popular compound for therapeutic and cosmetic use with a distinctive odour, and somatosensory warming and cooling properties. The mechanisms for its action remain unclear.
OBJECTIVE
The current study examined the effects of two enantiomers of camphor and related monoterpenoid compounds on mechanoreceptors.
METHODS
Extracellular recordings were made in an bath preparation. Camphor, borneol, eugenol, carveol, and thymol were tested on the neural activity of St I and St II slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in the rat vibrissal hair follicle preparation.
RESULTS
All compounds tested (0.5 - 2 mM bath concentrations) resulted in dose-dependent depression of spontaneous and mechanically evoked firing (dynamic and static phases). The mean latency of responses also increased. Both St I and St II were similarly affected, although (-)-camphor had a greater depressant effect on St II than on St I units. Differences were found across the different compounds for their effect on the dynamic and static phases. Thymol was found to have the greatest depressant effect on these phases. The broad spectrum TRP blocker ruthenium red did not reverse the depressant effects of camphor. The depressant effects of the compounds appeared similar to those obtained using the local anaesthetic lignocaine. The depressant effects of camphor and of lignocaine were partially reversed by the K channel blocker tetraethylammonium.
CONCLUSIONS
The results question whether the depressant effects of camphor and related compounds act through TRP channels. Perhaps the use of more selective blockers may reveal the molecular mechanisms through which these compounds act.
PubMed: 35899231
DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.07.002 -
Journal of Pain Research 2023The treatment of neuropathic pain is still a major troublesome clinical problem. The existing therapeutic drugs have limited analgesic effect and obvious adverse...
BACKGROUND
The treatment of neuropathic pain is still a major troublesome clinical problem. The existing therapeutic drugs have limited analgesic effect and obvious adverse reactions, which presents opportunities and challenges for the development of new analgesic drugs. Camphor, a kind of monoterpene, has been shown anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in traditional Chinese medicine. But we know little about its effect in neuropathic pain. In this article, We have verified the reliable analgesic effect of camphor in the neuropathic pain model caused by different predispositions.
METHODS
The nociceptive response of mice was induced by transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) agonist to verify the effect of camphor on the nociceptive response. Multiple paclitaxel (PTX) injection models, Single oxaliplatin (OXA) injection models, Chronic constriction injury (CCI) models and Streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetic neuropathic pain models were used in this study. We verified the analgesic effect of camphor in mice by acetone test and conditioned place aversion test. At the same time, comparing the adverse reaction of nervous system between camphor and pregabalin at equivalent dose in locomotor activity test and rotarod test. Using patch clamp to verify the effect of camphor on dorsal root ganglion (DRG) excitability.
RESULTS
In behavioral test, compared with vehicle group, camphor significantly reduced the spontaneous nociception caused by TRPA1 agonist-formalina and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). Compared with vehicle group, camphor significantly reduced the flinching and licking time in neuropathic pain model mice, including PTX, OXA, STZ and CCI induced peripheral neuralgia models. Compared with vehicle group, pregabalin significantly increased the resting time and reduced the average speed without resting and distance in locomotor activity test, reduced the time stayed on rotarod in rotarod test. In patch clamp test, compared with vehicle group, camphor significantly reduced the action potential (AP) firing frequency of DRG.
CONCLUSION
Camphor can alleviate the symptoms of hyperalgesia in various neuropathic pain models, and has no obvious adverse reactions compared with pregabalin. This effect is related to the down-regulation of DRG neuron excitability.
PubMed: 36925623
DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S398607