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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Sep 2019is among the four main causes of gastroenteritis worldwide and has increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The vast majority of... (Review)
Review
is among the four main causes of gastroenteritis worldwide and has increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The vast majority of reported infections are caused by and, to a lesser extent, ; however, the increasing recognition of other emerging pathogens is urgently demanding a better understanding of how these underestimated species cause disease, transmit, and evolve. In parallel to the enhanced clinical awareness of campylobacteriosis due to improved diagnostic protocols, the application of high-throughput sequencing has increased the number of whole-genome sequences available to dozens of strains of many emerging campylobacters. This has allowed for comprehensive comparative pathogenomic analyses for several species, such as and These studies have started to reveal the evolutionary forces shaping their genomes and have brought to light many genomic features related to pathogenicity in these neglected species, promoting the development of new tools and approaches relevant for clinical microbiology. Despite the need for additional characterization of genomic diversity in emerging campylobacters, the increasing body of literature describing pathogenomic studies on these species deserves to be discussed from an integrative perspective. This review compiles the current knowledge and highlights future work toward deepening our understanding about genome dynamics and the mechanisms governing the evolution of pathogenicity in emerging species, which is urgently needed to develop strategies to prevent or control the spread of these pathogens.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans
PubMed: 31270126
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00072-18 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018Historically, Campylobacteriosis has been considered to be zoonotic; the species that cause human acute intestinal disease such as and originate from animals. Over... (Review)
Review
Historically, Campylobacteriosis has been considered to be zoonotic; the species that cause human acute intestinal disease such as and originate from animals. Over the past decade, studies on human hosted species strongly suggest that plays a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). primarily colonizes the human oral cavity and some strains can be translocated to the intestinal tract. Genome analysis of strains isolated from saliva samples has identified a bacterial marker that is associated with active Crohn's disease (one major form of IBD). In addition to , humans are also colonized by a number of other species, most of which are in the oral cavity. Here we review the most recent advancements on and other human hosted species including their clinical relevance, transmission, virulence factors, disease associated genes, interactions with the human immune system and pathogenic mechanisms.
Topics: Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
PubMed: 30087857
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00243 -
Veterinary Research 2005Species within the genus, Campylobacter, have emerged over the last three decades as significant clinical pathogens, particularly of human public health concern, where... (Review)
Review
Species within the genus, Campylobacter, have emerged over the last three decades as significant clinical pathogens, particularly of human public health concern, where the majority of acute bacterial enteritis in the Western world is due to these organisms. Of particular concern are the species, C. jejuni and C. coli, which are responsible for most of these gastrointestinal-related infections. Although these organisms have already emerged as causative agents of zoonoses, several aspects of their epidemiology and pathophysiology are only beginning to emerge. Trends in increasing antibiotic resistance are beginning to emerge with oral antibiotics, which may be the drug of choice for when it is necessary to intervene chemotherapeutically. This review wishes to examine (i) emerging clinical aspects of the disease, such as Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS), (ii) the association between these organisms and poultry as a natural host, (iii) environmental aspects of Campylobacter epidemiology, (iv) the emergence of atypical campylobacters (v) emerging trends in antibiotic resistance, (vi) adoption of modern methods for the detection of campylobacters.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Food Microbiology; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 15845230
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2005012 -
Microbes and Infection Jun 2006Campylobacter and Salmonella are the most commonly reported bacterial causes of human foodborne infections, and increasing proportions of these pathogens become... (Review)
Review
Campylobacter and Salmonella are the most commonly reported bacterial causes of human foodborne infections, and increasing proportions of these pathogens become resistant to medically important antimicrobial agents, imposing a burden on public health. Acquisition of resistance to antibiotics affects the adaptation and evolution of Salmonella and Campylobacter in various environments. Many resistance-conferring mutations entail a biological fitness cost, while others (e.g. fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter) have no cost or even enhanced fitness. In Salmonella, the fitness disadvantage due to antimicrobial resistance can be restored by acquired compensatory mutations, which occur both in vitro and in vivo. The compensated or even enhanced fitness associated with antibiotic resistance may facilitate the spread and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter in the absence of selection pressure, creating a significant barrier for controlling antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Mutation; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections
PubMed: 16714138
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.12.031 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Jan 2022The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in the aquatic environment based on the water origin, seasonality...
AIMS
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in the aquatic environment based on the water origin, seasonality and physico-chemical properties.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The occurrence of C. jejuni and C. coli was determined in waste (29) or surface (56) waters in four different seasons. The air and water temperatures were measured during sampling and chemical analyses of water samples for ammonium, chloride, chlorine, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and iron were performed. The thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. were more frequently detected in wastewater (59%; 17 positive samples) compared to surface water (38%; 21 positive samples), with the highest rate in autumn (67% of samples positive) and with a higher C. coli occurrence than C. jejuni (31% vs. 26%). Ammonium (above 0.2 mg/L) and chloride ion concentrations (above 60 mg/L) favour C. jejuni. Similarly, C. coli occurrence in water was supported by ammonium (above 0.2 mg/L), chloride (above 60 mg/L) and in addition by phosphate ion concentrations (below 0.7 mg/L).
CONCLUSIONS
Campylobacter presence in water is influenced by physico-chemical parameters such as concentrations of ammonium and chloride ions.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Water environment is an alternative source of Campylobacter. The concentration of ammonium and chloride ions can be used as a basis for successful prediction of the potential occurrence of C. jejuni and C. coli in wastewater and surface water in future.
Topics: Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter coli; Campylobacter jejuni; Humans; Wastewater
PubMed: 34192401
DOI: 10.1111/jam.15197 -
Environmental Health Perspectives May 2005The use of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in poultry production is an important issue in public health today. In February 2002, two prominent U.S. poultry companies pledged to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The use of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in poultry production is an important issue in public health today. In February 2002, two prominent U.S. poultry companies pledged to stop using FQs for flock-wide treatment. One year later, we began a survey of Campylobacter isolates on chicken products from these two companies and from two producers claiming total abstention from antibiotic use. Using both standard isolation methods and new methods modified to enhance detection of FQ-resistant Campylobacter, we compared rates of FQ-resistant Campylobacter among these products. Four major findings were drawn from this study: a) antibiotic-free brands were not more likely to be contaminated with Campylobacter; b) a high percentage of products from the two conventional brands were contaminated with FQ-resistant Campylobacter (43 and 96%); c) these conventional brands had significantly higher odds of carrying resistant strains compared with antibiotic-free products; and d) supplementing media with FQs increased the sensitivity of detecting FQ-resistant strains among mixed populations of Campylobacter, thus reducing a bias toward underestimating the prevalence of FQ-resistant Campylobacter on samples. These results suggest that FQ resistance may persist in the commercial poultry environment in the absence of FQ-selective pressure and that these strains contaminate a larger proportion of foods than reported previously.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fluoroquinolones; Food, Organic; Meat; Selection, Genetic
PubMed: 15866763
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7647 -
Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. Journal of... 2020Campylobacter is one of the most important causes of food-borne infectious diseases. Antibiotics are rarely needed to treat campylobacteriosis, but occasionally used in...
Campylobacter is one of the most important causes of food-borne infectious diseases. Antibiotics are rarely needed to treat campylobacteriosis, but occasionally used in severe or prolonged cases. Consumption of contaminated bovine liver is a source of campylobacteriosis. Bovine liver can be contaminated with Campylobacter on the surface and inside by the bile at slaughterhouses. Therefore, we investigated the current prevalence and characteristics of Campylobacter in bovine bile at a slaughterhouse. Campylobacter was isolated from 35.7% (55/154) of bile samples. C. jejuni and C. fetus were the two most frequent species. High antimicrobial resistant rates in C. jejuni were observed against tetracycline (63.0%) and ciprofloxacin (44.4%). Multi-locus sequence typing divided C. jejuni isolates (27 isolates) into 12 sequence types (STs) in which ST806 was the most frequent ST and accounted for 37.0%. All C. fetus were identified as C. fetus subsp. fetus which can cause systemic infections. High antimicrobial resistant rates in C. fetus were observed against ciprofloxacin (66.6%), streptomycin (58.3%) and tetracycline (33.3%). All the C. fetus isolates were divided into two STs, ST3 (16 isolates) and ST6 (8 isolates). Of the 16 ST3 isolates, 15 (93.8%) were resistant to both streptomycin and ciprofloxacin. Our data shows high prevalence of Campylobacter in bovine bile and their high rates of antimicrobial resistance. Preventing bile contamination of bovine liver at slaughterhouses is thus considered to be one of control measures to reduce the risk of Campylobacter infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bile; Campylobacter; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Food Microbiology; Gallbladder; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Prevalence
PubMed: 33012766
DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.61.126 -
BioMed Research International 2021enteritis is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide including Bangladesh. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and...
enteritis is the leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide including Bangladesh. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance status of spp. in human diarrheal samples collected from Surya Kanta Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. In this study, we evaluated a total of 330 clinical samples for the presence spp. via cultural and biochemical tests and molecular assays. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility testing for species was accomplished by the standard agar disc diffusion technique against eight commercially available antimicrobial agents. A pretested semistructured questionnaire was used to capture the data on socioanthropological factors from the diarrheal patients. Pearson's chi-square test was performed, and a value of <0.05 was considered for the level of significance. Nearly one in three diarrheal patients admitted in this hospital were infected with spp. Overall prevalence of spp. was estimated to be 31.5% (104/330) that comprised the prevalence of , 21.8% ( = 72), and , 9.6% ( = 32). Among the positive cases, the prevalence of was higher in the age group 0-5 years (52%) followed by 6-18 years (42.7%), 19-40 years (34.0%), 41-60 years (25.4%), and >60 years (10.5%). Age, family level's personal hygiene, and involvement with animal husbandry were captured as potential determinants to be associated with the positive status. Among the isolates, 27.3% ( = 20) of and 31.2% ( = 10) of demonstrated as multidrug-resistant (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents. The present study shows that spp. is most prevalent among the hospital-admitted diarrheal patients, and proper measures should be taken to reduce the burden focusing on the potential determinants.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bangladesh; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Young Adult
PubMed: 34395627
DOI: 10.1155/2021/9229485 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Apr 2020spp. have been recognized as major foodborne pathogens worldwide. An increasing frequency of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including spp., have been identified to...
spp. have been recognized as major foodborne pathogens worldwide. An increasing frequency of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including spp., have been identified to transmit from food products to humans and cause severe threats to public health. To better mitigate the antibiotic resistance crisis, rapid detection methods are required to provide timely antimicrobial resistance surveillance data for agri-food systems. Herein, we developed a polymer-based microfluidic device for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of spp. An array of bacterial incubation chambers were created in the microfluidic device, where chromogenic medium and antibiotics were loaded. The growth of spp. was visualized by color change due to chromogenic reactions. This platform achieved 100% specificity for identification. Sensitive detection of multiple species (, , and ) was obtained in artificially contaminated milk and poultry meat, with detection limits down to 1 × 10 CFU/ml and 1 × 10 CFU/25 g, respectively. On-chip AST determined antibiotic susceptibilities by the lowest concentration of antibiotics that can inhibit bacterial growth (i.e., no color change observed). High coincidences (91% to 100%) of on-chip AST and the conventional agar dilution method were achieved against several clinically important antibiotics. For a presumptive colony, on-chip identification and AST were completed in parallel within 24 h, whereas standard methods, including biochemical assays and traditional culture-based AST, take several days for multiple sequential steps. In conclusion, this lab-on-a-chip device can achieve rapid and reliable detection of antibiotic-resistant spp. Increasing concerns of antibiotic-resistant spp. with regard to public health emphasize the importance of efficient and fast detection. This study described the timely identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of spp. by using a microfluidic device. Our developed method not only reduced the total analysis time, but it also simplified food sample preparation and chip operation for end users. Due to the miniaturized size of the lab-on-a-chip platform, the detection was achieved by using up to 1,000 times less of the reagents than with standard reference methods, making it a competitive approach for rapid screening and surveillance study in food industries. In addition, multiple clinically important species (, , and ) could be tested by our device. This device has potential for wide application in food safety management and clinical diagnostics, especially in resource-limited regions.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter coli; Campylobacter jejuni; Campylobacter lari; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microfluidics
PubMed: 32111591
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00096-20 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2021The natural environment and water are among the sources of and . A limited number of protocols exist for the isolation of campylobacters in poorly filterable water....
The natural environment and water are among the sources of and . A limited number of protocols exist for the isolation of campylobacters in poorly filterable water. Therefore, the goal of our work was to find a more efficient method of isolation and detection from wastewater and surface water than the ISO standard. In the novel rapid culture method presented here, samples are centrifuged at high speed, and the resuspended pellet is inoculated on a filter, which is placed on selective mCCDA agar. The motile bacteria pass through the filter pores, and mCCDA agar suppresses the growth of background microbiota on behalf of campylobacters. This culture-based method is more efficient for the detection and isolation of and from poorly filterable water than the ISO 17995 standard. It also is less time-consuming, taking only 72 h and comprising three steps, while the ISO standard method requires five or six steps and 144-192 h. This novel culture method, based on high-speed centrifugation, bacterial motility, and selective cultivation conditions, can be used for the detection and isolation of various bacteria from water samples.
Topics: Campylobacter; Campylobacter coli; Campylobacter jejuni; Culture Media; Water
PubMed: 34198825
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116098