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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2015Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased... (Review)
Review
Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Reservoirs; Food Microbiology; Humans; Incidence; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26062576
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00006-15 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Sep 2021Campylobacter concisus has been described as the etiological agent of periodontal disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, and enterocolitis. It is also detected in healthy... (Review)
Review
Campylobacter concisus has been described as the etiological agent of periodontal disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, and enterocolitis. It is also detected in healthy individuals. There are differences between strains in healthy individuals and affected ones by production of two exototoxins. In this mini review authors discuss major facts about cultivation, isolation, virulence and immune response to C. concisus.
Topics: Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Virulence
PubMed: 34669588
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.14530 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2018Historically, Campylobacteriosis has been considered to be zoonotic; the species that cause human acute intestinal disease such as and originate from animals. Over... (Review)
Review
Historically, Campylobacteriosis has been considered to be zoonotic; the species that cause human acute intestinal disease such as and originate from animals. Over the past decade, studies on human hosted species strongly suggest that plays a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). primarily colonizes the human oral cavity and some strains can be translocated to the intestinal tract. Genome analysis of strains isolated from saliva samples has identified a bacterial marker that is associated with active Crohn's disease (one major form of IBD). In addition to , humans are also colonized by a number of other species, most of which are in the oral cavity. Here we review the most recent advancements on and other human hosted species including their clinical relevance, transmission, virulence factors, disease associated genes, interactions with the human immune system and pathogenic mechanisms.
Topics: Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
PubMed: 30087857
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00243 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Feb 2014Investigation of the possible role of Campylobacter concisus (C. concisus) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an emerging research area. Despite the association... (Review)
Review
Investigation of the possible role of Campylobacter concisus (C. concisus) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an emerging research area. Despite the association found between C. concisus and IBD, it has been difficult to explain how C. concisus, a bacterium that is commonly present in the human oral cavity, may contribute to the development of enteric diseases. The evidence presented in this review shows that some C. concisus strains in the oral cavity acquired zonula occludens toxin (zot) gene from a virus (prophage) and that C. concisus Zot shares conserved motifs with both Vibrio cholerae Zot receptor binding domain and human zonulin receptor binding domain. Both Vibrio cholerae Zot and human zonulin are known to increase intestinal permeability by affecting the tight junctions. Increased intestinal permeability is a feature of IBD. Based on these data, we propose that a primary barrier function defect caused by C. concisus Zot is a mechanism by which zot-positive C. concisus strains may trigger the onset and relapse of IBD.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Cholera Toxin; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Endotoxins; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Mouth; Permeability; Receptors, Cell Surface; Risk Factors
PubMed: 24574800
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i5.1259 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Nov 2018Background: Barrett’s oesophagus (BO) is a pre-malignant condition in which normal squamous epithelium of the lower oesophagus and gastresophageal junction is replaced...
Background: Barrett’s oesophagus (BO) is a pre-malignant condition in which normal squamous epithelium of the lower oesophagus and gastresophageal junction is replaced by columnar cells and progress to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The increase burden of oesophagus cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide make study of factors involved in the pathogenesis of BO essential. However, most of studies that examine the environmental risk factors associated with increased incidence and prevalence of BO have largely ignored the potential role of bacteria in disease aetiology. Aims: This study examined the role of Campylobacter concisus isolated from Barrett’s and adenocarcinoma patient samples as one of possible environmental factors in the progression of Barrett’s oesophagus to oesophagus adenocarcinoma. Methods: We focused on the effect of C. concisus on the expression caudal type homeobox 1 gene (CDX1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in three BO cell lines using quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, the attachment and invasion characteristics of C. concisus were also tested. Results: Results showed that C. concisus had a strong attachment to the cell lines and induce the expression of CDX1 in Barrett’s cell lines in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion: Findings indicate that C. concisus could be as a new challenge in the progression of BO to adenocarcinoma.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Barrett Esophagus; Biomarkers, Tumor; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Cyclooxygenase 2; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagus; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 30486614
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2018.19.11.3211 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2012Over the last decade Campylobacter concisus, a highly fastidious member of the Campylobacter genus has been described as an emergent pathogen of the human intestinal... (Review)
Review
Over the last decade Campylobacter concisus, a highly fastidious member of the Campylobacter genus has been described as an emergent pathogen of the human intestinal tract. Historically, C. concisus was associated with the human oral cavity and has been linked with periodontal lesions, including gingivitis and periodontitis, although currently its role as an oral pathogen remains contentious. Evidence to support the role of C. concisus in acute intestinal disease has come from studies that have detected or isolated C. concisus as sole pathogen in fecal samples from diarrheic patients. C. concisus has also been associated with chronic intestinal disease, its prevalence being significantly higher in children with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease (CD) and adults with ulcerative colitis than in controls. Further C. concisus has been isolated from biopsy specimens of patients with CD. While such studies support the role of C. concisus as an intestinal pathogen, its isolation from healthy individuals, and failure of some studies to show a significant difference in C. concisus prevalence in subjects with diarrhea and healthy controls has raised contention as to its role in intestinal disease. Such findings could argue against the role of C. concisus in intestinal disease, however, the fact that C. concisus strains are genetically diverse raises the possibility that differences exist in their pathogenic potential. Evidence to support this view comes from studies showing strain specific differences in the ability of C. concisus to attach to and invade cells and produce virulence factors, including toxins and hemolytic phospholipase A. Further, sequencing of the genome of a C. concisus strain isolated from a child with CD (UNSWCD) and comparison of this with the only other fully sequenced strain (BAA-1457) would suggest that major differences exist in the genetic make-up of this species which could explain different outcomes of C. concisus infection.
Topics: Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Diarrhea; Enteritis; Humans; Prevalence
PubMed: 22919596
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00004 -
Advances in Clinical and Experimental... 2017A number of reports on the pathogenic influence of Campylobacter concisus on the human body and its role in many diseases of the gastrointestinal system, including... (Review)
Review
A number of reports on the pathogenic influence of Campylobacter concisus on the human body and its role in many diseases of the gastrointestinal system, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett's esophagus and inflammatory bowel disease, have appeared lately. Campylobacter concisus is a Gram negative bacteria which requires an anaerobic environment or microaerophilic environment with hydrogen for growth and is therefore difficult to culture. Due to this difficulty, the rate of infections in epidemiological data are underestimated. There are reports that C. concisus was the only pathogen isolated from the stool of patients with acute diarrhea, which could indicate that it is an etiologic factor of acute gastrointestinal infections in humans. Moreover, the results of some studies suggest that infection with C. concisus is a factor predisposing to the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus, conditions which may be present before the development of cancer. There are also studies which indicate C. concisus infection as a trigger of inflammatory bowel disease, since it has been demonstrated that C. concisus is present more frequently in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease than in a control group.
Topics: Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 28397447
DOI: 10.17219/acem/61428 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2020The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) can increase the colonic absorptive capacity for salt and water. is a common pathogenic epsilonproteobacterium, causing enteritis...
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) can increase the colonic absorptive capacity for salt and water. is a common pathogenic epsilonproteobacterium, causing enteritis and diarrhea. It can induce barrier dysfunction in the intestine, but its influence on intestinal transport function is still unknown. Therefore, our study aimed to characterize effects on ENaC using the HT-29/B6-GR/MR (epithelial cell line HT-29/B6 transfected with glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors) cell model and mouse colon. In Ussing chambers, infection inhibited ENaC-dependent Na transport as indicated by a reduction in amiloride-sensitive short circuit current (-55%, = 15, < 0.001). This occurred via down-regulation of β- and γ-ENaC mRNA expression and ENaC ubiquitination due to extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activation, predicted by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). In parallel, reduced the expression of the sealing tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-8 and induced claudin-8 redistribution off the TJ domain of the enterocytes, which facilitates the back leakage of Na ions into the intestinal lumen. In conclusion, caused ENaC dysfunction via interleukin-32-regulated ERK1/2, as well as claudin-8-dependent barrier dysfunction-both of which contribute to Na malabsorption and diarrhea.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Claudins; Colon; Diarrhea; Epithelial Sodium Channels; HT29 Cells; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Sodium
PubMed: 31936044
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020373 -
Gut Pathogens 2020is an emerging enteric pathogen that is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Previous studies demonstrated that is non-saccharolytic and hydrogen gas (H) is a...
is an emerging enteric pathogen that is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Previous studies demonstrated that is non-saccharolytic and hydrogen gas (H) is a critical factor for growth. In order to understand the molecular basis of the non-saccharolytic and H-dependent nature of growth, in this study we examined the pathways involving energy metabolism and oxidative stress defence in . Bioinformatic analysis of genomes in comparison with the well-studied enteric pathogen was performed. This study found that lacks a number of key enzymes in glycolysis, including glucokinase and phosphofructokinase, and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. has an incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle, with no identifiable succinyl-CoA synthase or fumarate hydratase. was inferred to use fewer amino acids and have fewer candidate substrates as electron donors and acceptors compared to . The addition of DMSO or fumarate to media resulted in significantly increased growth of in the presence of H as an electron donor, demonstrating that both can be used as electron acceptors. Catalase, an essential enzyme for oxidative stress defence in , and various nitrosative stress enzymes, were not found in the genome. Overall, is inferred to have a non-saccharolytic metabolism in which H is central to energy conservation, and a narrow selection of carboxylic acids and amino acids can be utilised as organic substrates. In conclusion, this study provides a molecular basis for the non-saccharolytic and hydrogen-dependent nature of energy metabolism pathways, which provides insights into the growth requirements and pathogenicity of this species.
PubMed: 32165925
DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00349-6 -
Journal of Lipid Research Oct 2018The pathogenicity of , increasingly found in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is unclear. Some studies indicate that its role in GI conditions has been...
The pathogenicity of , increasingly found in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is unclear. Some studies indicate that its role in GI conditions has been underestimated, whereas others suggest that the organism has a commensal-like phenotype. For the enteropathogen , the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is a main driver of virulence. We investigated the LOS structure of four clinical isolates and correlated the inflammatory potential of each isolate with bacterial virulence. Mass spectrometric analyses of lipid A revealed a novel hexa-acylated diglucosamine moiety with two or three phosphoryl substituents. Molecular and fragment ion analysis indicated that the oligosaccharide portion of the LOS had only a single phosphate and lacked phosphoethanolamine and sialic acid substitution, which are hallmarks of the LOS. Consistent with our structural findings, LOS and live bacteria induced less TNF-α secretion in human monocytes than did Furthermore, the bacteria were less virulent than in a infection model. The correlation of the novel lipid A structure, decreased phosphorylation, and lack of sialylation along with reduced inflammatory potential and virulence support the significance of the LOS as a determinant in the relative pathogenicity of .
Topics: Campylobacter; Cell Line; Genomics; Humans; Inflammation; Lipid A; Lipopolysaccharides; Signal Transduction; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Virulence
PubMed: 30049709
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M085860