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Expert Review of Clinical Immunology Nov 2016Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare disease representing the most frequent cause of acute flaccid symmetrical weakness of the limbs and areflexia usually reaching its... (Review)
Review
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare disease representing the most frequent cause of acute flaccid symmetrical weakness of the limbs and areflexia usually reaching its peak within a month. The etiology and pathogenesis remain largely enigmatic and the syndrome results in death or severe disability in 9-17% of cases despite immunotherapy. Areas covered: In terms of etiology, Guillain-Barré syndrome is linked to Campylobacter infection but less than 0.1% of infections result in the syndrome. In terms of pathogenesis, activated macrophages and T cells and serum antibodies against gangliosides are observed but their significance is unclear. Expert commentary: Guillain-Barré syndrome is a heterogeneous condition with numerous subtypes and recent data point towards the role of ganglioside epitopes by immunohistochemical methods. Ultimately, the syndrome results from a permissive genetic background on which environmental factors, including infections, vaccination and the influence of aging, lead to disease.
Topics: Aging; Autoantibodies; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Cross Reactions; Gangliosides; Gene-Environment Interaction; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Immunotherapy
PubMed: 27292311
DOI: 10.1080/1744666X.2016.1193006 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2015Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased... (Review)
Review
Campylobacter jejuni infection is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of the last century. The incidence and prevalence of campylobacteriosis have increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The dramatic increase in North America, Europe, and Australia is alarming, and data from parts of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children. In addition to C. jejuni, there is increasing recognition of the clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species, including Campylobacter concisus and Campylobacter ureolyticus. Poultry is a major reservoir and source of transmission of campylobacteriosis to humans. Other risk factors include consumption of animal products and water, contact with animals, and international travel. Strategic implementation of multifaceted biocontrol measures to reduce the transmission of this group of pathogens is paramount for public health. Overall, campylobacteriosis is still one of the most important infectious diseases that is likely to challenge global health in the years to come. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the global epidemiology, transmission, and clinical relevance of Campylobacter infection.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Reservoirs; Food Microbiology; Humans; Incidence; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26062576
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00006-15 -
Biomolecules Feb 2023Human campylobacteriosis results from foodborne infections with bacteria such as and , and represents a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. After... (Review)
Review
Human campylobacteriosis results from foodborne infections with bacteria such as and , and represents a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. After consumption of contaminated poultry meat, constituting the major source of pathogenic transfer to humans, infected patients develop abdominal pain and diarrhea. Post-infectious disorders following acute enteritis may occur and affect the nervous system, the joints or the intestines. Immunocompromising comorbidities in infected patients favor bacteremia, leading to vascular inflammation and septicemia. Prevention of human infection is achieved by hygiene measures focusing on the reduction of pathogenic food contamination. Molecular targets for the treatment and prevention of campylobacteriosis include bacterial pathogenicity and virulence factors involved in motility, adhesion, invasion, oxygen detoxification, acid resistance and biofilm formation. This repertoire of intervention measures has recently been completed by drugs dampening the pro-inflammatory immune responses induced by the endotoxin lipo-oligosaccharide. Novel pharmaceutical strategies will combine anti-pathogenic and anti-inflammatory effects to reduce the risk of both anti-microbial resistance and post-infectious sequelae of acute enteritis. Novel strategies and actual trends in the combat of infections are presented in this review, alongside molecular targets applied for prevention and treatment strategies.
Topics: Humans; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Communicable Diseases; Intestines; Gastroenteritis
PubMed: 36979344
DOI: 10.3390/biom13030409 -
Pediatrics in Review Nov 2018is one of the 2 most common causes of foodborne illness in the United States. It most commonly occurs in children younger than 5 years of age. species can cause a wide... (Review)
Review
EDUCATION GAP
is one of the 2 most common causes of foodborne illness in the United States. It most commonly occurs in children younger than 5 years of age. species can cause a wide range of syndromes, from asymptomatic infections to severe systemic infections.
OBJECTIVES
After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize that is a common cause of foodborne illness in the United States and internationally. 2. Understand the indications for testing and the treatment of infection.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant
PubMed: 30385582
DOI: 10.1542/pir.2017-0285 -
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease Oct 2022The genus is the leading cause of human gastroenteritis, with the consumption of contaminated poultry meat as the main route of infection. Probiotic bacteria, such as ,... (Review)
Review
The genus is the leading cause of human gastroenteritis, with the consumption of contaminated poultry meat as the main route of infection. Probiotic bacteria, such as , , Nissle, and species, have a great immunomodulatory capacity and exhibit antipathogenic effects through various molecular mechanisms. Reducing levels in livestock animals, such as poultry, will have a substantial benefit to humans as it will reduce disease transmissibility through the food chain. Moreover, probiotic-based strategies might attenuate intestinal inflammatory processes, which consequently reduce the severity of disease progression. At a molecular level, probiotics can also negatively impact on the functionality of various virulence and survival factors (e.g., adhesion, invasion), and on the associated colonization proteins involved in epithelial translocation. The current review describes recent , , and preclinical findings on probiotic therapies, aiming to reduce counts in poultry and reduce the pathogen's virulence in the avian and human host. Moreover, we focused in particular on probiotics with known anti- activity seeking to understand the biological mechanisms involved in their mode of action.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Chickens; Probiotics; Poultry Diseases; Poultry
PubMed: 35905047
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0039 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Campylobacteriosis is a gastroenteritis caused by pathogenic species and an important topic in public health. Here we review the global epidemiology of... (Review)
Review
Campylobacteriosis is a gastroenteritis caused by pathogenic species and an important topic in public health. Here we review the global epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in the last eight years between 2014-2021, providing comprehensive and updated information on the reported incidence and outbreaks of infections. The government public health website of each of the 195 countries and publications from 2014 to September 2022 in public databases were searched. The reported incidence of campylobacteriosis in pre-COVID-19 years was compared to that during the COVID-19 pandemic in countries where data were available. Czech Republic had the highest reported incidence of campylobacteriosis worldwide (215 per 100,000 in 2019), followed by Australia (146.8 per 100,000 in 2016) and New Zealand (126.1 per 100,000 in 2019). was one of the most common human enteric pathogens in both developed and developing countries. About 90% of cases of campylobacteriosis were caused by , whereas less than 10% of cases were caused by . Other species were also isolated. The reported incidence and case numbers of campylobacteriosis in developed nations have remained steadily high prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, whilst some countries reported an increasing trend such as France and Japan. While outbreaks were more frequently reported in some countries, infections were mainly sporadic cases in most of the developed countries. infection was more common in summer in some but not all countries. infection was more common in males than females. The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the reported incidence of campylobacteriosis in most countries where 2020 epidemiology data were available. In conclusion, infection remains a global health concern. Increased research and improved strategies are needed for prevention and reduction of infection.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Campylobacter Infections; Pandemics; COVID-19; Campylobacter jejuni; Campylobacter; Gastroenteritis
PubMed: 36519137
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.979055 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Feb 2016The incidence of human infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, the main bacterial agents of gastrointestinal disease, has been increasing... (Review)
Review
The incidence of human infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, the main bacterial agents of gastrointestinal disease, has been increasing worldwide. Here, we review the role of poultry as a source and reservoir for Campylobacter. Contamination and subsequent colonization of broiler flocks at the farm level often lead to transmission of Campylobacter along the poultry production chain and contamination of poultry meat at retail. Yet Campylobacter prevalence in poultry, as well as the contamination level of poultry products, vary greatly between different countries so there are differences in the intervention strategies that need to be applied. Temporal patterns in poultry do not always coincide with those found in human infections. Studies in rural and urban areas have revealed differences in Campylobacter infections attributed to poultry, as poultry seems to be the predominant reservoir in urban, but not necessarily in rural, settings. Furthermore, foreign travel is considered a major risk factor in acquiring the disease, especially for individuals living in the northern European countries. Intervention strategies aimed at reducing Campylobacter colonization in poultry and focused at the farm level have been successful in reducing the number of Campylobacter cases in several countries. Increasing farm biosecurity and education of consumers are likely to limit the risk of infection. Overall, poultry is an important reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis, although the contribution of other sources, reservoirs and transmission warrants more research.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter Infections; Food Microbiology; Humans; Meat; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Rural Population; Travel; Urban Population
PubMed: 26686808
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.11.019 -
Clinical Gastroenterology and... Sep 2021Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States. We investigated the prevalence of postinfection irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS)...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States. We investigated the prevalence of postinfection irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) in a cohort with culture-confirmed Campylobacter cases; risk factors for PI-IBS based on clinical factors; and shifts in IBS patterns postinfection in patients with pre-existing IBS.
METHODS
The Minnesota Department of Health collects data on symptoms and exposures upon notification of Campylobacter cases. From 2011 through 2019, we sent surveys (the Rome III and IBS symptom severity surveys) to 3586 patients 6 to 9 months after Campylobacter infection. The prevalence of PI-IBS was estimated and risk factors were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.
RESULTS
There were 1667 responders to the survey, 249 of whom had pre-existing IBS. Of the 1418 responders without pre-existing IBS, 301 (21%) subsequently developed IBS. Most of these individuals had IBS-mixed (54%), followed by IBS-diarrhea (38%), and IBS-constipation (6%). The mean IBS symptom severity score was 218 (indicating moderate severity). Female sex, younger age, bloody stools, abdominal cramps, and hospitalization during acute enteritis were associated with increased risk, whereas fever was protective for the development of PI-IBS. Antibiotic use and exposure patterns were similar between PI-IBS and control groups. Among patients with IBS-mixed or IBS-diarrhea before infection, 78% retained their subtypes after infection. In contrast, only 50% of patients with IBS-constipation retained that subtype after infection, whereas 40% transitioned to IBS-mixed. Of patients with pre-existing IBS, 38% had increased frequency of abdominal pain after Campylobacter infection.
CONCLUSIONS
In a cohort of patients with Campylobacter infection in Minnesota, 21% developed PI-IBS; most cases reported mixed IBS or diarrhea of moderate severity. Demographic and clinical factors during acute enterocolitis are associated with PI-IBS development. Campylobacter infection also can result in a switch of a pre-existing IBS phenotype.
Topics: Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Diarrhea; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 32711045
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.07.033 -
Parasitology Apr 2021Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria species is a well-recognized disease of livestock. Enteric Eimeria infections are common, but disease usually only manifests when infection...
Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria species is a well-recognized disease of livestock. Enteric Eimeria infections are common, but disease usually only manifests when infection intensity is abnormally high. Campylobacter species are important zoonotic enteric bacterial pathogens for which livestock are important reservoir hosts. The diversity and epidemiology of ovine Eimeria and Campylobacter infections on two farms in north-western England were explored through a 24-month survey of shedding in sheep feces. Most animals were infected with at least one of 10 different Eimeria species, among which E. bakuensis and E. ovinoidalis were most common. An animal's age and the season of sampling were associated with the probability and intensity of Eimeria infection. Season of sampling was also associated with the probability of Campylobacter infection. Interestingly, higher intensities of Eimeria infections were significantly more common in animals not co-infected with Campylobacter. We explored the determinants of E. bakuensis and E. ovinoidalis infections, observing that being infected with either significantly increased the likelihood of infection with the other. The prevalence of E. ovinoidalis infections was significantly lower in sheep infected with Campylobacter. Recognition that co-infectors shape the dynamics of parasite infection is relevant to the design of effective infection control programmes.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Coccidiosis; Coinfection; Eimeria; England; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 33541446
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182021000044 -
Journal of Preventive Medicine and... Jun 2017In last years, Campylobacter spp has become one of the most important foodborne pathogens even in high-income countries. Particularly, in Europe, Campylobacteriosis is,... (Review)
Review
In last years, Campylobacter spp has become one of the most important foodborne pathogens even in high-income countries. Particularly, in Europe, Campylobacteriosis is, since 2005, the foodborne disease most frequently notified and the second in USA, preceded by the infection due to Salmonella spp. Campylobacter spp is a commensal microorganism of the gastrointestinal tract of many wild animals (birds such as ducks and gulls), farm animals (cattle and pigs) and companion animals (such as dogs and cats) and it is responsible for zoonoses. The transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route through ingestion of contaminated food and water. The disease varied from a watery diarrhea to a severe inflammatory diarrhea with abdominal pain and fever and can be burdened by some complications. The main recognized sequelae are Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), the Reactive Arthritis (REA) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Recently, many cases of Campylobacter spp isolated from human infections, showed an important resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. For these reasons, the prevention of this infection plays an essential role. Many preventive measures exist to limit the transmission of the pathogens and the subsequent disease such as the health surveillance, the vaccination of the poultry and the correct food hygiene throughout the entire production chain. A global surveillance of Campylobacteriosis is desirable and should include data from all countries, including notifications of cases and the microbiological data typing of strains isolated from both human and animal cases.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter Infections; Disease Reservoirs; Europe; Food Microbiology; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Prohibitins; United States; Zoonoses
PubMed: 28900347
DOI: No ID Found